nervous system

Question 1

step one of nerve impulse

Answer 1

Step 1. Depolarization, when a nerve is stimulated Sodium channels open and potassium channels close quickly turning the axon positive.

Question 2

step 2 of nerve impulse

Answer 2

step 2. Repolarization, after hitting peak positive (approx +40mV) sodium channels shut and potassium channels open and potassium flow out decreasing the charge.

Question 3

step 3 of a nerve impulse

Answer 3

Step 3. Hyperpolarization, the potassium channels are too slow and let too much potassium out and making the axon too negative and sodium-potassium pumps work to restore the balance, pushing sodium out and pulling potassium out. The time to reset is called the refractory period.

Question 4

Synaptic transmission

Answer 4

When neurons get excited and an impulse is fired and travels towards the endplate, then neurotransmitters are released and travels through the “gap” and enters the next neuron

Question 5

Neurotransmitters

Answer 5

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Question 6

Acetylcholine

Answer 6

makes the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to sodium (excitatory neurotransmitter). Causes muscles to contract. will cause depolarization until cholinesterase breaks it down

Question 7

Cholinesterase

Answer 7

breaks ach down

Question 8

meninges

Answer 8

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 9

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 9

Fluid in the space between the meninges acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system and also acts as nutrients and waste removal.

Question 10

cerebrum

Answer 10

Cerebrum
The largest and the outside layer of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, personality and memory.

Question 11

corpus callosum

Answer 11

Corpus Callosum
A bundle of nerves in the centre allows the cerebrum to communicate

Question 12

hypothalamus

Answer 12

Hypothalamus
A small part underneath the midbrain, maintains the body’s equilibrium

Question 13

Pituary gland

Answer 13

Pituary gland
endocrine system, most important gland, regulates growth and other glands

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

Cerebellum
The lower back rougher looking part of the brain controls motor movements

Question 15

pons

Answer 15

Pons
meaning bridge, underneath the midbrain is used to connect the cerebellum and medulla oblongata

Question 16

frontal lobe

Answer 16

Frontal Lobe
The frontal region of the brain linked with personality, voluntary movement and intellectual activities

Question 17

temporal lobe

Answer 17

Temporal Lobe
Most bottom part of the lobes and is related with vision and hearing, interpretation of sensory information and memory. hearing!

Question 18

parietal lobe

Answer 18

Parietal Lobe
the most highest region of the lobes linked to touch/temperature awareness, emotions, and interpreting speech

Question 18

parietal lobe

Answer 18

Parietal Lobe
the most highest region of the lobes linked to touch/temperature awareness, emotions, and interpreting speech

Question 19

occipital lobe

Answer 19

Occipital Lobe
Most back part of the brain associated with vision and interpretation of visual information

Question 20

sclera

Answer 20

Sclera
white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

Question 21

cornea

Answer 21

Cornea
made of the same tissue as the sclera, but is transparent, bends the light to the pupil and receives oxygen from the tears.

Question 22

aqueos humor

Answer 22

Aqueous Humour
Fluid behind the cornea that brings nutrients to the cornea and adds extra protection to the lens.

Question 23

choroid

Answer 23

Choroid
A middle layer of the eye that has blood vessels that nourish the retina

Question 24

iris

Answer 24

Iris Colored part of the eye it contracts and expands to control the amount of light allowed into the eye.

Question 25

lens

Answer 25

Lens located behind the iris focuses the image onto the retina

Question 26

ciliary muscles

Answer 26

Ciliary Muscles Attached to the lens alter the shape of the lens to help with focusing.

Question 27

vitreous humour

Answer 27

vitreous Humour A liquid behind the lens that allows light to transmit and maintains the shape of the eyeball

Question 28

retina

Answer 28

Retina The most inner layer of the eye and contains photoreceptors

Question 29

rods

Answer 29

Rods Photoreceptors that operate in dim light to detect black and white

Question 30

cones

Answer 30

Cones Photoreceptors that operate in bright light and identify colour

Question 31

fovea centralis

Answer 31

Fovea Centralis tiny pit or depression in the retina where there is a concentration of cones, the region has the clearest vision

Question 32

how light receptors work

Answer 32

Rods have a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin, when light hits the pigment it breaks down and causes an action potential and sends a signal to the brain. Cones act similarly but with colours, red, green and blue. A combination of colours stimulates cones and we see a blend of green red and blue.

Question 33

myopia

Answer 33

Nearsightedness (myopia) When the eyeball is longer and the image is projected in front of the fovea, fixed with concave lens.

Question 34

hyperopia

Answer 34

Farsightedness (hyperopia) When the eyeball is short the image is projected behind the fovea, fixed with bi convex lens.

Question 35

astigmatism

Answer 35

The image is projected before or after the fovea but tends to be downwards or upwards, caused by defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye

Question 36

pinna

Answer 36

Pinna The outer ear, where we can see, used for focusing sound

Question 37

auditory canal

Answer 37

Auditory Canal Part that carries sound to the eardrum, lined with sweat glands which produce earwax

Question 38

tympanic membrane

Answer 38

tympanic membrane (eardrum) Thin layer of tissue that receives sound vibrations part of the middle ear

Question 39

ossicles

Answer 39

Ossicles 3 small bones called the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup) in that order located beyond the eardrums part of the middle ear

Question 40

oval window

Answer 40

Oval Window A membrane in the inner wall of the middle ear which receives vibrations from the stapes to amplify sound

Question 41

eustachian tube

Answer 41

An air-filled tube that equalizes pressure between the external and internal ear parts of the middle ear

Question 42

semicircular canal

Answer 42

Semicircular Canal Composed of 3 canals, arranged at different angles and filled with fluid, the movement of the fluid helps to sense body movement. Part of the inner ear

Question 43

cochlea

Answer 43

Cochlea A coiled structure connected to the vestibule contains rows of specialized hairs that respond to various sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses and then relay them to the auditory nerve. Part of the inner ear

Question 44

auditory nerve

Answer 44

Auditory Nerve the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of the sound part of the inner ear

Question 45

organ of corti

Answer 45

organ of Corti The primary sound receptor in the cochlea

Question 46

static equilibrium

Answer 46

Static equilibrium The maintenance of the correct head position in response to changes in linear motion.

Question 47

dynamic equilibriu,

Answer 47

dynamic equilibrium maintenance of balance when the head and body are suddenly moved or rotated

Question 48

how hearing works

Answer 48

When sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane, vibration passes through the malleus, the incus, the stapes and then to the oval window. The oval window bulges outwards causing the round window to bulge outwards. The outwards bulge of the round window causes waves of fluid in the inner ear and the cochlea receives the fluid waves and converts them into electrical impulses interpreted by the brain as sound.

Question 49

Basilar membrane

Answer 49

where the specialized hair cells anchor to, the basilar membrane moves as vibrations strike it, causing the hairs to bend. the movement of the hair cells stimulates the sensory nerves, they are connected to the auditory nerve.

Question 50

depolarization

Answer 50

Depolarization The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive and eventually "firing" the neuron.

Question 51

repolarization

Answer 51

Repolarization Return of the nerve cell to its resting state, sodium channels close and potassium channels open causing potassium to flow out, bring the charge down.

Question 52

hyperpolarization

Answer 52

Hyperpolarization the potassium channels are too slow and let too much potassium out and making the axon too negative and sodium-potassium pumps work to restore the balance, pushing sodium out and pulling potassium out.

Question 53

refractory period

Answer 53

Refractory Period The time taken for the membrane to return to resting potential

Question 54

pupil

Answer 54

pupil opening in the center of the iris

Question 55

photoreceptors

Answer 55

Photoreceptors receptors that respond to light

Question 56

rhodopsin

Answer 56

rhodopsin the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

Question 57

optic nerve

Answer 57

optic nerve the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain