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biology 30 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

step one of nerve impulse

A

Step 1. Depolarization, when a nerve is stimulated Sodium channels open and potassium channels close quickly turning the axon positive.

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2
Q

step 2 of nerve impulse

A

step 2. Repolarization, after hitting peak positive (approx +40mV) sodium channels shut and potassium channels open and potassium flow out decreasing the charge.

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3
Q

step 3 of a nerve impulse

A

Step 3. Hyperpolarization, the potassium channels are too slow and let too much potassium out and making the axon too negative and sodium-potassium pumps work to restore the balance, pushing sodium out and pulling potassium out. The time to reset is called the refractory period.

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4
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

When neurons get excited and an impulse is fired and travels towards the endplate, then neurotransmitters are released and travels through the “gap” and enters the next neuron

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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6
Q

Acetylcholine

A

makes the postsynaptic membrane more permeable to sodium (excitatory neurotransmitter). Causes muscles to contract. will cause depolarization until cholinesterase breaks it down

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7
Q

Cholinesterase

A

breaks ach down

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8
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fluid in the space between the meninges acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system and also acts as nutrients and waste removal.

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10
Q

cerebrum

A

Cerebrum
The largest and the outside layer of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, personality and memory.

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11
Q

corpus callosum

A

Corpus Callosum
A bundle of nerves in the centre allows the cerebrum to communicate

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus
A small part underneath the midbrain, maintains the body’s equilibrium

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13
Q

Pituary gland

A

Pituary gland
endocrine system, most important gland, regulates growth and other glands

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

Cerebellum
The lower back rougher looking part of the brain controls motor movements

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15
Q

pons

A

Pons
meaning bridge, underneath the midbrain is used to connect the cerebellum and medulla oblongata

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16
Q

frontal lobe

A

Frontal Lobe
The frontal region of the brain linked with personality, voluntary movement and intellectual activities

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

Temporal Lobe
Most bottom part of the lobes and is related with vision and hearing, interpretation of sensory information and memory. hearing!

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18
Q

parietal lobe

A

Parietal Lobe
the most highest region of the lobes linked to touch/temperature awareness, emotions, and interpreting speech

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18
Q

parietal lobe

A

Parietal Lobe
the most highest region of the lobes linked to touch/temperature awareness, emotions, and interpreting speech

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19
Q

occipital lobe

A

Occipital Lobe
Most back part of the brain associated with vision and interpretation of visual information

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20
Q

sclera

A

Sclera
white of the eye; maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue

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21
Q

cornea

A

Cornea
made of the same tissue as the sclera, but is transparent, bends the light to the pupil and receives oxygen from the tears.

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22
Q

aqueos humor

A

Aqueous Humour
Fluid behind the cornea that brings nutrients to the cornea and adds extra protection to the lens.

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23
Q

choroid

A

Choroid
A middle layer of the eye that has blood vessels that nourish the retina

24
Q

iris

A

Iris
Colored part of the eye it contracts and expands to control the amount of light allowed into the eye.

25
Q

lens

A

Lens
located behind the iris focuses the image onto the retina

26
Q

ciliary muscles

A

Ciliary Muscles
Attached to the lens alter the shape of the lens to help with focusing.

27
Q

vitreous humour

A

vitreous Humour
A liquid behind the lens that allows light to transmit and maintains the shape of the eyeball

28
Q

retina

A

Retina
The most inner layer of the eye and contains photoreceptors

29
Q

rods

A

Rods
Photoreceptors that operate in dim light to detect black and white

30
Q

cones

A

Cones
Photoreceptors that operate in bright light and identify colour

31
Q

fovea centralis

A

Fovea Centralis
tiny pit or depression in the retina where there is a concentration of cones, the region has the clearest vision

32
Q

how light receptors work

A

Rods have a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin, when light hits the pigment it breaks down and causes an action potential and sends a signal to the brain.

Cones act similarly but with colours, red, green and blue. A combination of colours stimulates cones and we see a blend of green red and blue.

33
Q

myopia

A

Nearsightedness (myopia)
When the eyeball is longer and the image is projected in front of the fovea, fixed with concave lens.

34
Q

hyperopia

A

Farsightedness (hyperopia)
When the eyeball is short the image is projected behind the fovea, fixed with bi convex lens.

35
Q

astigmatism

A

The image is projected before or after the fovea but tends to be downwards or upwards, caused by defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye

36
Q

pinna

A

Pinna
The outer ear, where we can see, used for focusing sound

37
Q

auditory canal

A

Auditory Canal
Part that carries sound to the eardrum, lined with sweat glands which produce earwax

38
Q

tympanic membrane

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Thin layer of tissue that receives sound vibrations part of the middle ear

39
Q

ossicles

A

Ossicles
3 small bones called the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup) in that order located beyond the eardrums part of the middle ear

40
Q

oval window

A

Oval Window
A membrane in the inner wall of the middle ear which receives vibrations from the stapes to amplify sound

41
Q

eustachian tube

A

An air-filled tube that equalizes pressure between the external and internal ear parts of the middle ear

42
Q

semicircular canal

A

Semicircular Canal
Composed of 3 canals, arranged at different angles and filled with fluid, the movement of the fluid helps to sense body movement. Part of the inner ear

43
Q

cochlea

A

Cochlea
A coiled structure connected to the vestibule contains rows of specialized hairs that respond to various sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses and then relay them to the auditory nerve. Part of the inner ear

44
Q

auditory nerve

A

Auditory Nerve
the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of the sound part of the inner ear

45
Q

organ of corti

A

organ of Corti
The primary sound receptor in the cochlea

46
Q

static equilibrium

A

Static equilibrium
The maintenance of the correct head position in response to changes in linear motion.

47
Q

dynamic equilibriu,

A

dynamic equilibrium
maintenance of balance when the head and body are suddenly moved or rotated

48
Q

how hearing works

A

When sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane, vibration passes through the malleus, the incus, the stapes and then to the oval window.

The oval window bulges outwards causing the round window to bulge outwards.

The outwards bulge of the round window causes waves of fluid in the inner ear and the cochlea receives the fluid waves and converts them into electrical impulses interpreted by the brain as sound.

49
Q

Basilar membrane

A

where the specialized hair cells anchor to, the basilar membrane moves as vibrations strike it, causing the hairs to bend. the movement of the hair cells stimulates the sensory nerves, they are connected to the auditory nerve.

50
Q

depolarization

A

Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive and eventually “firing” the neuron.

51
Q

repolarization

A

Repolarization
Return of the nerve cell to its resting state, sodium channels close and potassium channels open causing potassium to flow out, bring the charge down.

52
Q

hyperpolarization

A

Hyperpolarization
the potassium channels are too slow and let too much potassium out and making the axon too negative and sodium-potassium pumps work to restore the balance, pushing sodium out and pulling potassium out.

53
Q

refractory period

A

Refractory Period
The time taken for the membrane to return to resting potential

54
Q

pupil

A

pupil
opening in the center of the iris

55
Q

photoreceptors

A

Photoreceptors
receptors that respond to light

56
Q

rhodopsin

A

rhodopsin
the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity

57
Q

optic nerve

A

optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

biology 30 (1 decks)

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