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AVS 331 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord
analyzes sensory information
produces motor commands

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

spinal nerves and cranial nerves
communication bridge between sensory receptors and motor effectors

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3
Q

astrocytes

A

90% of neuroglial cells are involved in signaling the formation of the very tight junctions between endothelial cells that line the blood capillaries of the CNS (blood-brain barrier)

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4
Q

oligodendria

A

produce myelin around axons in the CNS

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5
Q

microglia

A

phagocytize microorganisms in the CNS

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6
Q

ependymal cells (w/ cilia)

A

line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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7
Q

schwann’s cell

A

forms the myelin sheath around myelinated axons of the PNS

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8
Q

soma

A

cell body: contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles

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9
Q

dendrites

A

multiple processes: contains receptors or sensors that receive stimuli and conduct impulses towards the stoma

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10
Q

dendrites

A

multiple processes: contains receptors or sensors that receive stimuli and conduct impulses toward the stoma

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11
Q

axon

A

single process leaving the stoma, can branch some

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12
Q

myelinated neurons

A

neurons that contain a segmented fatty sheath around the axon

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13
Q

sheath of myelin

A

white matter of the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

node of ranvier

A

unmyelinated areas of the axon between myelin sheaths

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15
Q

unmyelinated neurons

A

neurons NOT wrapped in a sheath of myelin

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16
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit impulses from senors or receptors found in the peripheral sense organs to the CNS

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17
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

transmit impulses away from CNS and towards effectors in the periphery

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18
Q

interneurons

A

found in the CNS: transmits impulses up and down the spinal cord and between different areas of the brain

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19
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain
covered in gyri and sulci
hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissue

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20
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

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21
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter

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22
Q

lateral ventricles

A

large fluid-filled area

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23
Q

frontal lobe

A

speech, movement, emotions

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24
Q

parietal lobe

A

movement, recognition, computing stimuli

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25
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing

26
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory stimuli, memory, speech

27
Q

thalamus

A

brings sensory inputs to the cerebrum
houses CNII - communicated with the retina

28
Q

hypothalamus

A

center of homeostasis for the body and junction between nervous and endocrine system

29
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland, secretes melatonin

30
Q

cerebellum

A

2nd largest part of the brain
covered in sulci and gyri
separated from the cerebrum by the transverse fissure
gray matter lines the outer periphery and white matter lines the interior

31
Q

medulla oblongata

A

center that regulates heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration, reflexes

32
Q

pons

A

center that controls sleep, respiration, and urination

33
Q

midbrain

A

centers that control eye, head, and reflex movements (CN III and CN IV)

34
Q

meninges

A

layer of connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
creates space for nutrient exchange and CSF
three layers

35
Q

dura matter

A

outer covering (epidural space) (of meninges)

36
Q

arachnoid

A

middle, delicate layer (of meninges)

37
Q

pia mater

A

inner layer (of meninges)

38
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushions and lubricates the brain
found in the spaces between the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid and pia matter

40
Q

central canal

A

fluid-filled canal found in the center of the spinal cord

41
Q

ventricles

A

fluid-filled cavities in the brain

42
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from the medulla oblongata through foramen magnum in the skull
located within the vertebral foramen in the vertebral column
terminates at the sacral region in quadrupeds

43
Q

gray matter

A

interior interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons

44
Q

dorsal horns

A

neurons send sensory info to the brain

45
Q

ventral horns

A

neurons send motor impulses to spinal nerves

46
Q

white matter

A

exterior myelinated axons called tracts

47
Q

ascending tracts

A

send sensory messages up the spinal cord to the brain using sensory axons

48
Q

descending tracts

A

send motor impulses down the spinal cord along motor axons

49
Q

spinal nerves

A

paired nerves that originate from both sides of the spinal cord
upon exiting the spinal cord, spinal nerves split into the dorsal and ventral branches

50
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent sensory neurons coming from sensory in the periphery

51
Q

ventral root

A

efferent motor neurons originating in the spinal cord and extend out to effectors muscles or glands)

52
Q

dorsal and ventral roots

A

join to form spinal nerves with both motor and sensory function

53
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs originating in the brain and extending into the PNS
can consist of sensory, motor, or both types of nerves

54
Q

CNI

A

olfactory nerve

55
Q

CNII

A

optic nerve

56
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

damage to this nerve can result in strabismus

57
Q

neural pathways

A

communication between the brain and periphery; movement of electrical impulses through neural pathways

58
Q

synapse

A

site where an electrical signal goes from one neuron to another
electrical signals move in ONE direction only

59
Q

impulse conduction

A

stimulus activates a neuron
action potentials are conducted along the axon
release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

60
Q

reflex

A

automatic involuntary reaction (ex. blinking, coughing, salivation)
involves an impulse/stimulus generated by a senor to afferent neurons to integrate in the spinal cord to efferent neurons to the effector then a response

AVS 331 (1 decks)

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