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Case 1: Pain > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Division of the nervous system (2)

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what makes up CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what makes up PNS

A

nerves and ganglion

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4
Q

2 types of neurons found in PNS and their role

A

motor - carries signals from CNS to outer parts of body

sensory - carries signals from outer parts of body to CNS

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5
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system responsible for involuntary bodily functions
maintains homeostasis

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6
Q

3 branches of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (excitatory)
parasympathetic (relaxation)
enteric nervous system

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7
Q

role of parasympathetic nervous system

A

relaxes body
takes blood away from muscles
cranio-sacral outflow

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8
Q

role of sympathetic nervous system

A

excitatory

regulates fight or flight response

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9
Q

3 control centres of autonomic nervous system

A

brainstem
hypothalamus
limbic system

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10
Q

voltage gated ion channels are specific to… and are activated by

A

specific to Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-

activated by changes in electrical membrane potential

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11
Q

how do ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) work and what do they conduct

A

open by binding of neurotransmitters, hormones or drugs

non-selective and conduct Na+, K+, Ca2+ and/or Cl-

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12
Q

how do G-protein coupled receptors work

A

detect molecules outside of the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways
acted on by drugs like beta-2 adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

primary - uses chemical energy (ATP) e.g. Na+/K+ ATPase

secondary - uses electrochemical gradient e.g. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

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14
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A 
ATP
Serotonin 
Histamine
Acetylcholine 
Noradrenaline 
Glutamate
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15
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

serotonin
glycine
GABAa

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16
Q

role of CSF

A

exchanges nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue and absorbs shock

17
Q

3 types of spaces in meninges

A

epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

18
Q

role of meninges

A

sit around brain and surround spinal cord to protect CNS from trauma injury to brain

19
Q

role of BBB (3)

A
  • separates circulating blood from brain
  • prevents entry of potential neurotoxins via active transport mechanism
  • allows passage by passive diffusion and selective transport of small hydrophobic molecules
20
Q

role of limbic system

A

motivation, learning and memory

coordinates emotions and regulates aggressive behaviour

21
Q

4 major structures of limbic system

A

amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus
thalamus

22
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

emotional and behavioural patterns
regulation of homeostatic function
link between nervous and endocrine system

23
Q

role of thalamus

A

relay station for synaptic input
motor control
consciousness

24
Q

4 stages of migraine pain

A
  1. trigeminal system activated and vasodilation occurs
  2. neuropeptide release causes neurogenic inflammation and more vasodilation
  3. this increases flow of sensory traffic through brain stem causing increased pain signal transmission
  4. central pain transmission occurs after sensory traffic passes brain stem to thalamus and ultimately the cortex
25
Q

neuropeptides (3)

A

neurokinin A
substance P
CGRP

26
Q

what is somatogenic pain

A

pain with a known cause localised in the body tissue

27
Q

what is psychogenic pain

A

pain with no known physical cause

processing of sensitive info in CNS is disturbed

28
Q

what is nociceptive pain

A

caused by damage to body tissues
associated with changes in whole body with all systems
stimulation of sensory system

29
Q

what is neuropathic pain

A

damage to somatosensory system
damage or injury to the nerves
changes in whole body within other systems not just nervous system

30
Q

4 examples of neuropathic pain

A

disease
injury
infection
loss of limb

31
Q

3 examples of nociceptive pain

A

the pain felt from a sports injury
a dental procedure
arthritis

32
Q

sensory system role in providing pain

A

discriminative system

processes info about strength, intensity, quality and temporal/spacial aspects of pain

33
Q

motivational system role in providing pain

A

affective system

determines the individuals approach-avoidance behaviours

34
Q

cognitive system role in providing pain

A

evaluative system
overlies individuals learned behaviour concerning experience of pain
may block, modulate or enhance the perception of pain

35
Q

the body’s response to acute pain

A 
increased HR, BP and RR
pallor /flushing 
dilated pupils 
increased blood sugar 
decreased gastric acid secretion and blood flow to viscera, kidneys and skin 
occasionally nausea
36
Q

3 subclasses of somatosensory nociceptors

A

mechanical
thermal
polymodal (chemoreceptors)

37
Q

what are somatosensory nociceptors

A

free nerve endings (type Aδ and C sensory fibres) that transduce noxious stimulus from damaged peripheral tissues to the spinal cord and/or the brainstem

Case 1: Pain (2 decks)

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