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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 principal factors

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor ourput
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2
Q

What does the sensory input do?

A

Detects, gathers information.

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3
Q

What does Integration do?

A

decides what should be done with the given input/ information.

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4
Q

What does the motor output do?

A

It is the response that occurs when your nervous system activates certain parts of your body.

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of the Nervous System?

A
  1. (CNS) Central Nervous System

2. (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

What’s the importance of the CNS?

A

It is the most important unit in an organism as it is the ‘centre’ or the hub which instigates information, commands and coordinates and also influences all the other actives within a body. Thus it is often called the central processing unit of the body or the “Main Control Center”.

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7
Q

The CNS consists of?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

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8
Q

What’s the importance of PNS?

A
  • Connects the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin. These nerves extend from the central nervous system to the outermost areas of the body.
  • Allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body, which allows us to react to stimuli in our environment.
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9
Q

The PNS consists of?

A
  1. all of the NERVES that branch out from the brain

2. and the spinal cord.

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10
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A
  1. Sensory Division/Neurons

2. Motor Division/Neurons

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11
Q

What does the Sensory Division/Neurons do?

A

It picks up sensory stimuli and carries the information from the nerves to the central nervous system. It is these sensory neurons that allow us to take in sensory information and send it to the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Is the Sensory Division/Neurons efferent or afferent?. What does it mean/do?

A

Afferent. Sensory information is carried from the body’s periphery to a main organ, such as the brain.

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13
Q

What does the Motor Division/Neurons do?

A
  • Transmit signals from the CNS to skeletal and muscle to either directly or indirectly control muscle movements. Motor neurons allow us to act in response to external stimuli.
  • Sends directions from your brain to muscles and glands.
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14
Q

Is the Motor Division/Neurons efferent or afferent?. What does it mean/do?

A

Efferent. Takes signals from the central nervous system and transfer the nerve impulses to the peripheral nervous system, muscles and glands to initiate a response to stimulus.

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System

2. Autonomic Nervous System

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16
Q

Describe the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Voluntary. Responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Describe the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Involuntary. Responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion, and breathing.

In other words, it controls aspects of the body that are usually not under voluntary control.

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18
Q

What are the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Parasympathetic System

2. Sympathetic System

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19
Q

Describe the Sympathetic Division

A

It mobilizes the body into action.

This helps maintain normal body functions and conserve physical resources. Thus helps in maintaining normal body functions and conserve physical resources.

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20
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic Division

A

Relaxes the body and talks it down.

By regulating the flight-or-fight response,1 the sympathetic system prepares the body to expend energy to respond to environmental threats.

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21
Q

What are neurons?

A

Are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.

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22
Q

What are Glial Cells?

A
  1. Regulate nerve firing rates, brain plasticity, and immune responses.
  2. Provides support, nutrition, insulation and help with signal transmission in the nervous system.
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23
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial Cells that can be found in the Central Nervous System?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglial Cells
  4. Ependymal Cells
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24
Q

State the importance of the 4 types of Glial Cell Types in the Central Nervous System

A

Astrocyte - support, regulate ions, exchange materials between neurons and capillary.

Oligodendrocytes - wrap and insulates, forms myelin sheath.

Microglial Cells - defense against invading microorganisms.

Ependymal Cells - create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluids.

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of Glial Cells that can be found in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  1. Satellite Cells

2. Schwann Cells

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26
Q

State the importance of the 2 types of Glial Cell Types in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Satellite Cells - surround neuron cell bodies

Schwann Cells - insulate and helps form myelin sheath.

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27
Q

Are neurons replaceable. Yes/ No?

A

No

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28
Q

Most neurons are Amitocit, meaning?

A

When they get assigned a role, they can’t divide anymore.

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29
Q

What are the 3 structures/parts of a neuron

A
  1. Soma
  2. Dendrite
  3. Axon
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30
Q

Define the 3 structures/parts of a neuron

A

Soma - is the cell body, it contains a nucleus and cytoplasm that connects to dendrites. It carries signals to the other neurons and controls all the functions of the cell.

Dendrites - help receive and process signals to the cell body.

Axon - Axon is a part of a nerve cell or neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. Most axons of vertebrates are enclosed in a myelin sheath.

31
Q

What are the 3 neuron types

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Unipolar neurons
32
Q

Define the 3 types of neurons

A

Multipolar neurons - one axon, one dendrite
Bipolar neurons - one axon, one dendrite
Unipolar neurons - have only one axon and process

33
Q

State the 3 neuron functions

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Motor neurons
  3. Interneurons
34
Q

Define the 3 neuron functions

A

Sensory neurons - transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards the CNS. Afferent. Mostly unipolar

Motor neurons - moves impulse from the CNS to the rest of the body. Efferent. Mostly multipolar

Interneurons - moves impulse between sensory and motor neurons. Association neurons. Mostly multipolar.

35
Q

When a neuron is _____ is _____ enough, it fires an ______ that zips down its axon to its neighboring neurons.

A

When a neuron is stimulated enough, it fires an electrical impulse that zips down its axon to its neighboring neurons.

36
Q

The neurons can only send ___ ____, and it only transmits at one _____ and _____. But they can vary in _______ or the number of _____

A

The neurons can only send one signal, and it only transmits at one uniform and speed. But they can vary in FREQUENCIES or the number of pulses.

37
Q

The human body as a whole is ______ NEUTRAL.

A

ELECTRICALLY

38
Q

What should be done if the opposite charges attract each other.

A

We need barriers/membranes to keep positive and negative charges separate until were ready to use the energy that their attraction creates.

39
Q

Define Voltage

A

It is the measure of potential energy generated by separated charges.

40
Q

Define Current

A

The flow of electricity from one point to another.

41
Q

Define Resistance

A

Whatever’s getting in the way of the current.

42
Q

Define Resting Neuron

A

When a neuron is at rest, it is not sending a signal. The inside of the neuron relative to the outside is negative. There may be attempts to balance out both sides of the membrane, but the cell membrane only allows the passing of some ions.

43
Q

Define Resting Membrane Potential

A

Is the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings.

44
Q

neurons have a resting membrane potential of about ___mV

A

-70mV

45
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential negative?

A
  • The negatively charged protein molecules (A-) inside the neuron cannot cross the membrane. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside.
  • Outside of the resting neuron - +sodium ions
    Inside of the resting neuron - + sodium ions and bigger -/negatively charged proteins

Since there are more sodium ions outside that the potassium ions inside. The cell’s interior has an overall NEGATIVE CHARGE.

46
Q

When a neuron has a negative membrane potential, it is said to be ________.

A

Polarized

47
Q

What’s a Sodium Potassium Pump

A

The Na+ K+ pump is an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase first discovered in 1957 and situated in the outer plasma membrane of the cells; on the cytosolic side.

48
Q

How does the Sodium Potassium Pump work?

A

For every 2 potassium it pumps into the cell. It pumps out 3 sodium ions.

49
Q

What’s an Electrochemical Gradient?

A

The active transport of ions across the cell membrane causes an electrical gradient to build up across this membrane. The number of positively charged ions outside the cell is usually greater than the number of positively charged ions in the cytosol. This results in a relatively negative charge on the inside of the membrane, and a positive charge on the outside.

50
Q

What’s an Ion Channel ?

A

Is a large protein that provides safe passage across the membrane when their respective gates open.

51
Q

3 types of ion channels

A
  1. Voltage-Gated Channels
  2. Mechanically-Gated Channels
  3. Ligand-Gated
52
Q

Define the 3 types of ion channels

A

Voltage-Gated Channels - opens and closes in response to charges in membrane potential. -55mV

Mechanically-Gated Channels- opens in response to the physical stretching of the membrane.

Ligand-Gated Channels - opens when a neurotransmitter latches onto its receptors.

53
Q

Define a Graded Potential and Action Potential

A

Graded Potential - is when only a few channels open and only a bit of sodium enters the cell, that causes a little change in the membrane potential in a localized part of the cell.

Action Potential - is when signals in long-distance, we need bigger change, big enough to trigger those voltage-gated channels.

54
Q

It helps in preventing signals from travelling in both directions down the axon at once.

A

Refractory Period

55
Q

What are the 2 types of refractory period?

A
  1. Active Refractory Period

2. Relative Refractory Period

56
Q

Define the 2 types of refractory period

A

Active Refractory Period - refers to the time span in which the sodium channels remain inactive. During this period the stimulus will not produce a second action potential. The sodium ion channels are completely inactive.

Relative Refractory Period - is the phenomenon in which the sodium gated channels transit from its inactive status to the closed status that prepares the channels to be activated. The stimulus must be stronger than the usual to produce action potential.

57
Q

A weak stimulus tends to trigger _____ frequent action potential.

A

less

58
Q

Define Conduction Velocity

A

It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway

59
Q

What is the factor that affects a neuron’s transmission the most and explain why.

A

Whether the axons were coated in myelin sheath. Axons coated in insulating myelin conduct impulses faster than non-myelinated ones because instead of just triggering one channel at a time in a chain reaction, a current can effectively leap from one gap in the myelin to next.

60
Q

Define Saltatory Conduction

A

is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

61
Q

What’s a Synapse

A

Meeting point/junction where neurons communicate with one another.

62
Q

What are the 2 types of synapse

A
  1. Chemical Synapse

2. Electrical Synapse

63
Q

Define the 2 types of synapse

A

Chemical Synapse - abundant, slower, precise and controlled. Uses Neurotransmitters/ Chemical signals to deliver messages. Can convert signals into steps.

Electrical Synapse - Ions flow directly between cells ;faster. Sends ion current flowing directly from the cytoplasm of one nerve to another through small windows called Gap Junctions.

Electrical synapse will be replaced by chemical ones as the nervous system matures.

64
Q

Why aren’t all of our synapses electrical?

A

With such a direct connection between cells, an action potential in one neuron will generate an action potential in other cells across the synapse. Thus if every synapse in the body is activated, it will eventually lead to exhaustion and then death.

65
Q

Three ways in which stimuli in the environment produce changes in the nervous system.

A
  1. Potentiation
  2. Habituation
  3. Sensitization
66
Q

Is a neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to the cell body or one or more dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter ?

A

Presynaptic neuron

67
Q

Is the ending of an axon which releases neurotransmitters onto a synaptic space near another neurones, muscle cell or gland.

A

Presynaptic Terminal / Axon Terminal

68
Q

Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.

A

Synaptic Vesicles

69
Q

Is a neuron to the cell body or dendrite of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.

A

Post-synapyic Neuron

70
Q

Is a space that separates two neurons. It forms a junction between two or more neurons and helps nerve impulse pass from one neuron to the other.

A

Synaptic Cleft

71
Q

What are the 2 classification of Neurotransmitters based on their actions?. Define

A
  1. Excitatory Post-Synaptic Neurotransmitters (ESPs) - graded potentials that push the neuron closer to the threshold, and make an action potential more likely. DEPOLARIZES the post-synaptic neuron : Higher Charge
  2. Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Neurotransmitters (ISPs) - graded potentials that push the neuron further from the threshold, making an action potential harder to achieve. HYPERPOLARIZES the post-synaptic neuron : Lower charge
72
Q

Developing an action potential depends on the __________________?

A

Sum of all the excitations and inhibitions in that area

73
Q

Is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting neural impulse

A

Reuptake

74
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

It is the balance of materials and energy used to keep an individual alive.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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