Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nervous System A&P > Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System is made up of…

A
  • Brain
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal Cord
  • Nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Parts of the receptor organs

That receives & interprets stimuli from:

-the environment &/or the body

Transmits impulses to the environment/body

-muscles, glands, organs, and other nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organization of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    • Brain
    • Brainstem
    • Spinal Cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nerves
      1. Somatic (body)
        * cranial nerves
        * spinal nerves
      1. Autonomic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Every component of the CNS & PNS is composed of primarily one type of cell:

A

The Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nerve

A

Group of multiple neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neuron

A
  • Single nerve cell that acts as a conduct
  • To conduct a signal or impulse in ONLY one direction

Composed of:

  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive stimuli or impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Axons

A

Conduct impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Structure of Nervous System

Classification

A
  1. Physiological (Functional)
  2. Anatomical (Structural)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classification

Physiological

A
  • Afferent Neuron
    • Conducts an impulse toward the CNS
      • Also called Sensory neurons
  • Efferent Neuron
    • Conducts an impulse away from CNS
      • Also called Motor neurons
  • Interneurons
    • Conducts impulses between other neurons
      • Found only in the brain & spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classification

Anatomical

A
  • Bipolar
    • Two extensions from the cell body
    • One from each end (1) Axon (2) Dendrites
    • Found: eyes, nose, ears (Afferent, Sensory)
  • ​Unipolar
    • One extension from the cell body
    • Extension divides into 2 branches
    • One of the branches is associated with dendrites
    • Found: Sensory Neurons (General sense) Temp, touch, pain
  • Multipolar
    • Many extensions from the cell body
    • Only one is an axon
    • Found: everywhere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nervous System

Function

A
  • Gather information
  • Transport information
  • Interpret information

The information must be in a form the body can transport & then read

  • Like TV/Satellite signals

The form of the signal the Nervous System uses is called an Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Action Potential

General

A

Also called a nerve impulses or nerve signal

It is described as:

wave of electrochemical activity that allows a neuron to carry a signal over a distance

  • Generated by;
    • the diffusion of specific ions
      • in & out of neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Background Information

Function

A
  • Most subtances in nature are neutral
    • They are not positive or negative
  • If something is positive or negative
    • They are said to have a “charge”
  • We refer to something with a charge as having Polarity
  • Examples: The ends of a battery
    • One end is positive, the other is negative
      • One end has a positive polarity
      • The other end has a negative polarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Action Potential

Polarity

A
  • The inside of all cells in the body are Negative
    • when compared to the outside of the cell
  • So the inside of our cells have a Negative polarity
    • the outside then has a positive polarity
  • Internal Negative Polarity
    • Maintained by protein pumps in the cell membrane that uses ATP i.e. Na/K+ ATPase Pumps (Active Transport)
  • When a stimulus comes in contact with a Neuron’s dendrites/cell body, allows the diffusion of these specific ions to occur thru protein channels
  • This changes the “charge” inside the cell or polarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Action Potential

Stimulus

A

When a stimulus comes in contact with a neuron’s dendrites/cell body

  • This causes protein channels (gates) to open
  • Allows the diffusion of these specific ions to occur
    • From high concentration to low concentration
  • This changes the “charge” (polarity) of the inside cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stimulus

A

Can be anything that we respond to from the environment or from inside ourselves

Ex. Temp, sound, pain, cramps, etc

17
Q

Stimulus can be from…

A
  • Can be from external environment
  • Hot/cold, light, movement, etc
  • Can be from the internal environment (body)
  • Brain generating an impulse
  • Stretching of an organ, muscle, etc
18
Q

Whatever the stimulus;

Causes certain ion channels (gates) to open

A

The ions diffuse based on their concentration

  • High to low

This diffusion changes the ion concentrations

Results;

  • The neuron’s internal charge (polarity) changes
  • A change in charge (polarity) = Electrochemical Activity (Action Potential, Nerve Impulse)
19
Q

Action Potential

Ion Movement

A

Na+/K+

Moves the K+ ions back inside the neuron and the Na+ ions out of the neuron

Na+/K+ Pump uses Active Transport

That means it uses ATP

So much ATP that;

  • 20% of your body’s Total ATP is used by just these pumps
  • A single axon can have up to 1 Million Na+/K+ pumps
20
Q

Action Potential’s proper definition

A
  • Wave of electrochemical activity that allows a neuron to carry a signal over a distance
  • The axon of the neuron
    • Allows this electrochemical activity to move like a wave
    • Down the Axon to the next structure
      • Like throwing a rock in a pond
      • Where the waves move out from where the rock hit
21
Q

Structure Effecting Function

A
  • Action Potentials occur ONLY in the AXONS of Neurons
  • Axons
    • Extension of the cell body
    • Only one (1) per neuron
    • Surrounded by
      • Multiple layers of phospholipid membrane
        • Cell membrane of another cell
      • Called Myelin Sheath
        • Produced by specialized Non-Neuron cells
22
Q

Structure Effecting Function 2

A

Action Potentials

  • moves to the next area of the axon that is un-myelinated (area of no myelin sheath)
  • called a Node of Ranvier
  • The area of the axon where the Action Potentional moved FROM- now Refractory
  • Means it cannot generate another Action Potential for a specific time
  • This means the AP can only move in one direction
23
Q

Function/Structure of AP

A

To Connect

  • All the parts of the body to CNS

In the CNS

  • Processing the incoming data

To Send

  • Signals back to the rest of the body to direct their activities

During each step of these functions

  • There will be connections b/w neurons
  • Usually: multiple neurons

Ex: To feel something cold

3 neurons are used b/w/ your finger & brain

24
Q

Neuronal Arrangement

A
  • 1st Neuron is before the synapse
    • called the Pre-synaptic Neuron
  • 2nd Neuron is after the synapse
    • called the Post-synaptic Neuron
  • Post-synaptic neuron will then connect with one of a number of structures
    • Ex:
      • Muscle
      • Organs
      • Gland
      • Other nerves
25
Q

Neuronal Arrangment

General

A

In general, each time there is a neuronal connection, there is a synapse, which means that a neurotransmitter is being used

A post-synaptic neuron

  • may have multiple pre-synaptic neurons connected to it
  • Each causing a different response
    • Some may cause an excitatory affect-positive
    • Some may cause an inhibitory affect-negative
26
Q

Signal Transmission (1)

A

An impulse reaches the end of the pre-synaptic neuron (neuron #1)

  • Neurotransmitter is released into the synapse
  • Release is from vesicles (packages)
    • formed & stored at the end of the Pre-Synaptic neuron
  • Rate of the impulses that reach the end of the axon
  • Strength of the impulse that reaches the end of the axon
    • Determines the amount of neurotransmitters released
      • Stronger/Faster impulses cause more vesicles to be emptied
27
Q

Signal Transmission (2)

A

The Greater the concentration of neurotransmittter released into the synpase means:

  • The faster it DIFFUSES across the synapse (speed)
  • The Greater the responses of the Post-Synaptic neuron (intensity)
  • This means, whatever the Post-synaptic neuron is connected to, will respond more
    • Faster, stronger muscle contractions
    • More secretions from a gland (adrenal)
    • Increased intestinal movement
28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Nervous system produces 30 different types

Certain ones are used more than others

29
Q

Neurotransmitters

types are based on substance they are synthesis from

A
  1. Products of metabolism
  2. Modified amino acids
  3. Unmodified amino acids
  4. Peptides
30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A. Products of Metabolism

A

Acetylcholine

  • Actyl group from metabolism of glucose in glycolysis
  • Choline is part of the vitamin B complex
31
Q

Neurotransmitters

B. Modified amino acids

A

Modification to a single amino acid: Monoamines

  • L-Tryptophan
    • Serotonin
      • CNS: Regulates anxiety, emotions, appetite
  • Tyrosine
    • Catecholamines
      • Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
        • CNS-Conscience arousal
        • PSN- Muscle activity
    • Dopamine
      • CNS- Behavior & reward systems
      • PNS- Skeletal muscle coordination
32
Q

Neurotransmitters

Unmodified amino acids

A

Glycine

  • CNS- Spinal cord
    • Aids in skeletal muscle control, sequencing

GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)

  • CNS- Brain
    • Coordination of muscle sequence/order
33
Q

Neurotransmitters

Peptides

A

Short chain of amino acids

  • Multiple examples
    • Usually involved in sensory perception

Nervous System A&P (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions