Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Physiology Lecture > Nervous Physiology > Flashcards

Nervous Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

neurons enclosed within skull

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

connects to brain and enclosed
within spinal cavity

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bundles of many axons of neurons

A

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(12 pairs) emerge from brain

A

Cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(31 pairs) emerge from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

networks in digestive tract

A

Enteric plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monitor changes in internal
or external environments

A

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carry information into brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory receptors and sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

information processing

A

Integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

awareness of sensory input

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

efferent nerves
signals to muscles and glands

A

motor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Nerves
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric Plexuses
Sensory receptors

All nervous system structures outside of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses) that travel along neurons

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

A

Cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emerges at cone-shaped ________ hillock

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

contain synaptic vesicles
that can release neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Have several or many dendrites and one axon

Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

(motoneuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Have one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar

(interneuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Have fused dendrite and axon

A

Unipolar

(sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

convey impulses into CNS (brain or spinal cord)

A

Sensory (afferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out
through the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

A

Motor (efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Most are within the CNS
Transmit impulses between neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

A

Gliomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Do not conduct nerve impulses

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

help form blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

produce myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

protect CNS cells from disease

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

form CSF in ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

produce myelin around PNS

A

schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

help to regenerate PNS axons

A

schwann

40
Q

support neurons in PNS ganglia

A

satellite cells

41
Q

Axons covered with a myelin sheath

A

Myelination

42
Q

gaps in the myelin
important for rapid signal conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

diseases destroy myelin such as

A

Multiple sclerosis
Tay-Sachs

44
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglion

45
Q

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

nucleus

46
Q

bundle of axons in PNS

A

nerve

47
Q

bundle of axons in CNS

A

tract

48
Q

primarily myelinated axons

A

White matter

49
Q

cell bodies, dendrites,
unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

A

Gray matter

50
Q

white matter (tracts) surround centrally located gray matter “H” of “butterfly”

A

Spinal cord

51
Q

gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)

A

Brain

52
Q

Axons and dendrite in the _______ can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional. These form a regeneration tube and grow axons or dendrites if scar tissue does not fill the tube

A

Regeneration of PNS neurons

53
Q

Very limited even if cell body is intact
inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth- stimulators

A

Regeneration of CNS neurons

54
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) divisions

A

Somatic (SNS)
Autonomic nervous systems (ANS)
Enteric nervous system (ENS)

55
Q

Sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs

voluntary

A

Somatic (SNS)

56
Q

Sensory neurons from viscera

involuntary

A

Autonomic

57
Q

Autonomic nervous system subdivisions

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

58
Q

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

A

fight-or-flight
rest-and-digest

59
Q

brain of the gut

A

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

60
Q

Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes and
stretching of GI wall

involuntary

A

Enteric nervous system

61
Q

nerve impulses

A

Action potential

62
Q

Action potential requires

A

membrane potential
ion channels

63
Q

channels under ion channels

A

Leakage channels
Gated channels

64
Q

a charge difference across cell membrane (polarization)

A

membrane potential

65
Q

allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

Ion channels

66
Q

allow ions to leak through membrane; there are more for K+ than for Na+

A

Leakage channels

67
Q

Open and close on command

Respond to changes in membrane so can generate and conduct action potentials

A

Gated channels

68
Q

Typically –70 mV

A

Resting Membrane Potential

69
Q

T or F

Resting Membrane Potential:
Inside of membrane more negative than outside

A

True

70
Q

Inside (more negative) because cytosol has

A

Many negative ions: amino acids and phosphates

K+ that easily leaks out through many K+ channels

71
Q

Outside (more positive) because interstitial fluid has

A

Few negative ions

Na+ that does not leak out of cell: few Na+ channels

Membrane “pumps” that quickly pump out Na+ that does leak (diffuse) into cell

72
Q

Series of events that activate cell membrane in neuron or muscle fiber

A

Action Potential

73
Q

Na+ channels open → as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive (–70→0→+ 30 mv)

A

Depolarizing phase

74
Q

K+ channels open→as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+ 30→0→–70 mv)

A

Repolarizing phase

75
Q

Typically depolarization and repolarization take
place in about

A

1 millisecond (1/1000 sec)

76
Q
  • Levels of ions back to normal by action of Na+/K+
    pump
  • Refractory period (brief): even with adequate stimulus, cell cannot be activated
A

Action Potential Recovery

77
Q

If a stimulus is strong enough to cause depolarization to threshold level, the impulse will travel the entire length of the neuron at a constant and maximum strength.

A

Action Potential All-or-none principle

78
Q

Each section triggers the next locally as even more Na+ channels are opened (like row of dominos)

A

Nerve impulse conduction (propagation)

79
Q

In unmyelinated fibers; slower form of conduction

A

Continuous conduction

80
Q

In myelinated fibers; faster as impulses “leap” between nodes of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

81
Q

Types of conduction

A

Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction

82
Q

Factors that increase rate of conduction

A

Myelin, large diameter and warm nerve fibers

83
Q

neuron-neuron

A

Synapse

84
Q

neuron-muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

85
Q

neuroglandular junction

A

neuron-gland

86
Q

Components of synapse

A

Sending neuron
Space between neurons
Receiving neuron

87
Q

presynaptic neuron (releases
neurotransmitter)

A

Sending neuron

88
Q

Receiving neuron

A

postsynaptic neuron

89
Q

Space between neurons

A

synaptic cleft

90
Q

T or F

Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulb

A

T

91
Q

Neurotransmitters:
Acetylcholine (ACh): common in PNS

A

Stimulatory (on skeletal muscles)
Inhibitory (on cardiac muscle)

92
Q

Neurotransmitters:
Amino acids

A

Glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA), glycine

93
Q

Neurotransmitters:
Modified amino acids

A

Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin

94
Q

One-way transmission only because
❑ Only presynaptic cells release NT
❑ Only postsynaptic cells have receptors for NT binding

A

Synaptic Transmission

95
Q

Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels→Ca2+ flows into presynaptic cytosol

Increased Ca2+ concentration→exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

A

Synaptic Transmission

96
Q

serves as chemical trigger (stimulus) of ion channels

A

neurotransmitter

97
Q

cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized

A

presynaptic membrane

General Physiology Lecture (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions