Nervous fucking system

Question 1

cause a signal to be generated and propagated

Answer 1

excitatory

Question 2

making signal generation and propagation less likely

Answer 2

inhibitory

Question 3

● Connected to receptors
● Signals may be perceived as a conscious sensation
● carries receptors to CNS

Answer 3

afferent/sensory neurons

Question 4

function to convert external and internal environmental stimuli into nerve signals

Answer 4

receptors

Question 5

Carry receptors AWAY from the brain to the peripheral nervous system to effectors, such as muscles or glands.

Answer 5

efferent/motor neurons

Question 6

neurons that lie entirely within the central nervous system.

Answer 6

interneurons

Question 7

anatomy of a nerve

Answer 7

• ganglia
• axons
• cell body
• myelin

Question 8

are discrete bundles of nerve-cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

Answer 8

ganglia

Question 9

are often bundled together in a wrapping of connective tissue to form a nerve.

Answer 9

axons

Question 10

• concentric rings enclosing vertebrate nerves
• is an insulating layer, or
  a sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord
• allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly

Answer 10

myelin

Question 11

what produces myelin?

Answer 11

special glial cells: Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.

Question 12

provide support and protection to the neurons (nerve cells), maintain homeostasis, cleaning up debris, and forming myelin

Answer 12

neuroglial cells (glial cells)

Question 13

radiating, star-like shape; serve as nutrient and ion reservoirs for neurons; provide a scaffold during brain development, enabling migrating neurons to find their destinations from points of origin

Answer 13

astrocytes

Question 14

astrocytes and smaller _____ are essential for the regenerative

Answer 14

microglial cells

Question 15

The process that follows brain injury; participate in several diseases in NS such as:

Answer 15

• Parkinsonism
• multiple sclerosis
• brain tumor development

Question 16

• an electrochemical message of neurons
• alike in all neurons in all animals
  *“All-or-none” phenomenon
• nerve fibers vary their signal by changing the frequency of signal conduction
• the higher the frequency (or rate) of conduction, the greater the level of excitation

Answer 16

nerve signal or action potential

Question 17

• neuron is selectively permeable to K+
• The permeability to Na+ is nearly zero because Na+ channels are closed
• Potassium ions tend to diffuse outward

Answer 17

resting membrane potential

Question 18

The decayed resting membrane potential of the fiber is prevented by

Answer 18

sodium pump

Question 19

helps to restore the ion gradients of both Na+ and K+

Answer 19

sodium-potassium pump

Question 20

is a rapidly moving change in electrical membrane potential. Brief depolarization of the membrane of the nerve fiber.

Answer 20

action potential

Question 21

• open suddenly, permitting Na+ to diffuse into the axon from the outside and depolarize the membrane.
• Then, Na channels close, and the membrane regains its resting properties and becomes impermeable to Na and permeable to K.

Answer 21

voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 22

• action potential leaps from node to node, bypassing the insulated portions of the fiber
• Faster than continuous conduction

Answer 22

saltatory conduction

Question 23

two kinds of synapses

Answer 23

• electrical synapses
• chemical synapses

Question 24

• a mechanical link between two neurons that allows for the conduction of electricity
• points at which ionic currents flow directly across a narrow gap junction from one neuron to another

Answer 24

electrical synapses

Question 25

• Much complex than electrical impulses
• contain packets or vesicles of specialized chemicals called neurotransmitters

Answer 25

chemical synapses

Question 26

Neurons bringing action potentials toward chemical synapses

Answer 26

presynaptic neurons

Question 27

neurons carrying action potentials away

Answer 27

postsynaptic neurons

Question 28

a narrow gap that separates membranes at a synapse, having a width of approximately 20 nm.

Answer 28

synaptic cleft

Question 29

filled gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes that prevents action potentials

Answer 29

interstitial fluid

Question 30

terminal that sits on dendrites or the cell body of the next neuron

Answer 30

synaptic gap

Question 31

one of the most common neurotransmitters (PNS) illustrates typical synaptic transmission.

Answer 31

acetylcholine

Question 32

located inside synaptic knobs which contain molecules of acetylcholine.

Answer 32

synaptic vesicles

Question 33

a crucial part of the decision-making equipment of the CNS, modulating the flow of information from one neuron to the next.

Answer 33

synapse

Question 34

nervous system of hydras (cnidaria)

Answer 34

nerve net

Question 35

• a nervous system flatworms represent a distinct increase in complexity than radiate animals.
• This is the simplest nervous system showing differentiation into a peripheral nervous system and a central nervous system which coordinates everything

Answer 35

bilateral NS

Question 36

ganglia burgeoned into textured nervous centers of great complexity
* highly developed sense organs
* capable of learning

Answer 36

cephalopods

Question 37

brain region associated with learning which is largest in social insects
- shown changes in these structures with age and experience

Answer 37

mushroom bodies

Question 38

basic plan of the vertebrate NS which terminates anteriorly in a large mass or brain.

Answer 38

Hollow, dorsal nerve cord

Question 39

a process, by far the most important trend in the evolution of vertebrate nervous systems which is the great elaboration of size, configuration, and functional capacity of the brain

Answer 39

encephalization

Question 40

compose the CNS

Answer 40

brain and spinal cord

Question 41

The spinal cord encloses a central spinal canal and is additionally wrapped in three layers of membranes called _____.

Answer 41

meninges

Question 42

protective bath that passes between the two layers of meninges that protects from shock

Answer 42

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 43

• resembling in shape the wings of a butterfly
• contains the cell bodies of motor neurons and interconnecting interneurons.

Answer 43

inner zone of gray matter

Question 44

contains bundles of axons and dendrites linking different levels of the cord with each other and with the brain.

Answer 44

outer zone of white matter

Question 45

• Refers to many neurons that work in group
• Contains at least two neurons

Answer 45

reflex arc

Question 46

A more common reflex arc
includes interneurons between the
sensory and motor neurons.

Answer 46

multisynaptic arc

Question 47

response to a stimulus acting over a reflex arc

Answer 47

reflex act

Question 48

• Center of the nervous system in all vertebrate animals and most invertebrate animals
• British physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington called it “great ravelled knot”

Answer 48

brain

Question 49

Three Principal Divisions of the brains of early vertebrates

Answer 49

1. Forebrain (prosencephalon) – smell
2. Midbrain (mesencephalon) – vision
3. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) – hearing and balance

Question 50

Looks like an extension of spinal cord

Answer 50

hindbrain

Question 51

three parts of the hindbrain

Answer 51

medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

Question 52

The most posterior division of the brain, is really a conical continuation of the spinal cord.

Answer 52

medulla oblangata

Question 53

an area that controls numerous vital and largely subconscious activities such as heartbeat, respiration, vascular tone, gastric secretions, and swallowing.

Answer 53

brain stem

Question 54

• contains a thick bundle of fibers that carry impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other
• connects both medulla and cerebellum to other brain regions

Answer 54

pons

Question 55

• dorsal to medulla, controls equilibrium, posture, and movement, locomotion, agility of limb movement, and balance

Answer 55

cerebellum

Question 56

automatic device used to correct the performance of a mechanism by means of an error-sensing feedback.

Answer 56

servomechanism

Question 57

home to sensory processing, endocrine structures, and higher reasoning

Answer 57

forebrain

Question 58

two main divisions of forebrain

Answer 58

• diancephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
• telencephalon (cerebrum)

Question 59

is a major relay station that analyzes and passes sensory information to higher brain centers

Answer 59

thalamus

Question 60

have several “housekeeping” centers that regulate body functions concerned with homeostasis, centers for regulating reproductive function and sexual behavior, and emotional behaviors.

Answer 60

hypothalamus

Question 61

• Largest part of the brain
• control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning

Answer 61

cerebrum

Question 62

(Cerebrum) The anterior portion of the forebrain with two divisions:

Answer 62

Paleocortex (limbic system) and Neocortex (cerebral cortex)

Question 63

• a deep-lying area because many of its functions depend on olfaction.
• it mediates several species-specific behaviors that relate to fulfilling needs such as feeding and sex

Answer 63

paleocortex (limbic system)

Question 64

“nose brain”

Answer 64

rhinencephalon

Question 65

site of spatial learning and memory

Answer 65

hippocampus

Question 66

makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain
* contains discrete motor and sensory areas

Answer 66

neocortex (cerebral cortex)

Question 67

large “silent” regions concerned with integrative functions that are not directly connected to sense organs or muscles.

Answer 67

association areas

Question 68

refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 68

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 69

has two functional divisions of peripheral nervous system

Answer 69

• sensory or afferent division
• motor or efferent division

Question 70

Two components in efferent division

Answer 70

• somatic nervous system
• autonomic nervous system

Question 71

a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain.

Answer 71

cranial nerves

Question 72

12 cranial nerves

Answer 72

• olfactory
• optic
• oculomotor
• trochlear
• trigeminal
• abducens
• facial
• vestibulocochlear
• glossopharynx
• vagus
• accessory
• hypoglossal

Question 73

governs involuntary, internal functions of the body that do not ordinarily affect consciousness

Answer 73

autonomic nervous system

Question 74

Autonomic nerves originate in the brain or spinal cord and fibers consist of two motor neurons:

Answer 74

preganglionic autonomic neurons and postganglionic neurons

Question 75

Subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 75

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Question 76

a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed. The informal descriptions for this system include the rhymes “rest and digest” or “feed and breed.”

Answer 76

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 77

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response. This system’s activity increases when you’re stressed, in danger or physically active.

Answer 77

sympathetic nervous system

Question 78

• a network of vessels that clear waste from the central nervous system, mostly during sleep
• promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system

Answer 78

lymphatic nervous system

Question 79

• specialized sensory receptors designed for detecting environmental status and change
• first level of environmental perception; they are channels for bringing information to the central nervous system

Answer 79

sense organs

Question 80

are biological transducers; specific for one kind of stimulus

Answer 80

sense organs

Question 81

first described by Johannes Müller in 1830s

Answer 81

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Question 82

receptors are usually classified based on their

Answer 82

locations

Question 83

a receptor near the external surface, keep an animal informed about its external environment

Answer 83

exteroceptors

Question 84

a receptor in the internal parts of the body, receive stimuli from internal organs

Answer 84

interceptors

Question 85

a receptor in muscles, tendons, and joints, sensitive to changes in tension of muscles and providing an organism with a sense of body position

Answer 85

proprioceptors

Question 86

oldest and most universal sense in
the animal kingdom

Answer 86

chemoreception

Question 87

a chemoreceptor in unicellular forms, locate food and adequately oxygenated water, and to avoid harmful substances

Answer 87

contact chemical receptors

Question 88

a chemoreceptor: orientation behavior; toward or away from a chemical source

Answer 88

Chemotaxis

Question 89

sensory hairs in which insect chemoreceptors are located

Answer 89

sensilla

Question 90

present on the mouthparts, legs, wing margins, and ovipositor in females. They have a single pore at the tip and recognize four classes of compounds: sugar (attractive), bitter (repelling), salts, and water

Answer 90

taste sensilla

Question 91

are located on the head on two pairs of olfactory organs: the antennae and the maxillary palps. Pores on the cuticular walls of these sensilla allow odorant and pheromone molecules from the environment to contact the olfactory receptor neurons

Answer 91

olfactory sensilla

Question 92

species-specific compounds produced by social insects and other animals, including mammals, that constitute a highly developed chemical language.

Answer 92

pheromones

Question 93

additional olfactory organ in many terrestrial vertebrates which responds to pheromones

Answer 93

vomeronasal organ (VNO or Jacobson’s organ)

Question 94

sensitive to quantitative forces such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound, vibration, and gravity—in short, they respond to motion

Answer 94

mechanoreceptors

Question 95

found in receptors of invertebrates (esp. insects) that are sensitive to both touch and vibration

Answer 95

tactile hairs

Question 96

a mechanoreceptor in vertebrates; concentrated in areas, especially important for exploring and interpreting the environment

Answer 96

Superficial touch receptors

Question 97

register deep touch and pressure in mammalian skin

Answer 97

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 98

• unspecialized nerve fiber endings that respond to a variety of stimuli signaling possible or real damage to tissues
• Also respond to mechanical movement of a tissue and temperature changes

Answer 98

pain receptors

Question 99

Pain fibers respond to small peptides, such as substance Pand bradykinins, which are released by injured cells

Answer 99

slow pain

Question 100

are a more direct response of the nerve endings to mechanical or thermal stimuli

Answer 100

fast pain