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MCAT Biology > Nervous & Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous & Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Electrical potential across the membrane of approx. -70mV. Cell is negatively charged on the interior.

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2
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

Pumps 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

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3
Q

Polarized cells are what on the inside? Outside?

A

Negative on the inside, positive on the outside

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4
Q

Depolarization does what to the potential of a cell?

A

Makes it LESS negative or even positive

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5
Q

An action Potential is what type of impulse?

A

Electrochemical

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6
Q

Voltage gated sodium channels are located in what part of the axon?

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

Once the threshold potential is released, voltage gated sodium channels are? What happens? What type of polarization causes the threshold potential to be reached?

A

Sodium channels are OPENED. When opened, sodium ions flow INTO the cell. Depolarization causes the threshold potential to be reached.

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8
Q

What factors affect repolarization of the membrane?

A

Once opened, Voltage gated sodium channels quickly inactivate. Voltage Gated Potassium channels open slowly and stap open longer allowing potassium to leave the cell returning the membrane potential to slightly below its resting potential.

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9
Q

Myelin

A

A sheath that insulates portions of axons and does not allow ions to enter or exit the axon where it is wrapped about the axon.

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10
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons

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11
Q

During action potential, movement of Na & K ions across the membrane through the voltage gated channels is:

A

Passive & driven by gradients

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12
Q

The equilibrium potential for Na is? K?

A

Sodium is positive, Potassium is negative

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13
Q

Synapes

A

The junction between the axon terminus of a neuron and the dendrites,some, or axon of a second neuron.

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14
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

Occur when the cytoplasms of two cells are joined by gap junctions. The action potential will spread directly from one cell to the other in this case.

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15
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

Found at the end of axons where they meet their target cell. The action potential is converted to a chemical signal at this point.

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16
Q

Steps of transmission of a signal across a chemical synapse in the nervous system:

A

(1) Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane (result of an action potential) causes the opening of voltage gated CALCIUM channels. (2) Ca ions flow INTO the presynaptic cell causing the EFFLUX of neurotransmitters in secratory vesicles. (3) Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the post-synaptic membrane (ligand gated ion channels) (4) Opening of these ions causes membrane polarization in the POST-synaptic neuron. Action potential continues

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17
Q

4 Different Neurotransmitters

A

GABA, Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

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18
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

OPEN a channel that depolarizes the post synaptic membrane

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19
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Induce a hyper polarization of the post synaptic membrane

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20
Q

Sensory function is carried out by which nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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21
Q

Processing of information is carried out by which nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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22
Q

Motor Function is carried out by which nervous system?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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23
Q

A reflex involving only 2 neurons and one synapse is known as a:

A

Monosynaptic reflex arc

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24
Q

Autonomic System

A

Involuntary control of glands and smooth muscles, includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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25
Q

Effects of Para-symp on digestive & urinary system

A

Glands: stimulation, Motility: stimulation, Sphincters: relaxation, Bladder: contraction, Urethral Sphincter: relaxation

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26
Q

Effects of para-symp on bronchial smooth muscle

A

constriction (closing of airways)

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27
Q

Effects of para-symp on cardiovascular system, eyes, & genitals

A

Decreases heart rate, contractility & blood flows. Constricts pupils, accommodates near vision. Genitals: erection/lubrication.

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28
Q

The 3 subdivisions of the brain

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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29
Q

3 Divisions of the Hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

30
Q

Medulla

A

Area of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. Relays information of the brain, regulates autonomic functions including BP & digestion

31
Q

Pons

A

Connection point between the brain stem and cerebellum. Controls some autonomic funtions and coordinates movement, role in belance and posture.

32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integrating center where complex movements are coordinated. Damage results in poor hand eye coordination and balance. Receives info from the inner ear.

33
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay for visual and auditory information. Contains the Reticular Activating System which is responsible for arousal and wakefulness.

34
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla, pons, and midbrain. Relays information from the cerebellum to cerebrum

35
Q

2 Divisions of the Forebrain

A

Diancephalon, Telencephalon

36
Q

Divisions of the Diancephalon

A

Thalmas & Hypothalmus

37
Q

Thalmus

A

Located between the cerebral hemispheres. Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information

38
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Interacts directly with parts of the brain. Controls emotions and autonomic functions, major role in hormone production and release. Major control center for Endocrine system.

39
Q

Telencephalon

A

Consists of the 2 cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

responsible for conscious thought processes

42
Q

4 Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

43
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

Initiate all voluntary movement, complex reasoning skills and problem solving

44
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

General sensations and in taste

45
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Process auditory and olfactory sensations and are involved in short term memory

46
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Process visual sensation

47
Q

All neurons entering and exiting the CNS are carried by 12 pairs of ____ nerves and 31 pairs of ___ nerves

A

cranial ; spinal

48
Q

Vagus Nerves

A

Cranial nerve. Decreases heart rate and increases GI activity

49
Q

All somatic motor neurons innervate ____ muscle cells and use ___ as their neurotransmitters

A

Skeletal; ACH

50
Q

All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor towards the __

A

Soma.

51
Q

All autonomic preganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitters.

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine

53
Q

What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands known as?

A

Inner portion: Medulla. Outer portion: Cortex

54
Q

What does the cortex secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol); Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone); and sex hormones

55
Q

The adrenal medulla is part of which nervous system?

A

sympathetic

56
Q

Upon stimulation the adrenal gland releases ___

A

Epinephrine

57
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical disturbances. i.e Pacinian Corpuscles (skin pressure)

58
Q

Chemorecptors

A

respond to chemical stimulation

59
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Pain receptors. DO NOT ADAPT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES

60
Q

Night vision is accomplished by the___

A

Rods

61
Q

Color and high acuity vision is accomplished by th ___

A

Cones

62
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted, too much curvature causing light to be bent and focused in front of the retina

63
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsighted, focusing of light behind the retina.

64
Q

Presbyopia

A

Inability to accommodate focus, results from lack of flexibility of the lens

65
Q

The signal of the endocrine system is

A

Hormone

66
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones

A

Peptides and AA derivatives, must bind to receptors on the cell surface

67
Q

Hydrophobic Hormones

A

Steroids, bind to receptors in the cellular interior

68
Q

Where are peptide hormones synthesized and modified?

A

Synthesized in the rough ER, modified in the Golgi.

69
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Dissolve in the blood plasma, can not cross biological membranes. Effects exerted rapidly and have a short duration of action.

70
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

hydrophoic, synthesized from cholesterol in the smooth ER. Freely diffues through biological membrane. Effects are exerted slowly

71
Q

Steroids regulating what are stored secreted by the testes, ovaries, and placenta?

A

Sexuality, reproduction, development

72
Q

Steroids regulating what are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

Water balance and other processes.

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

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