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Biology - Unit 6 > Nervous Coordination > Flashcards

Nervous Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarise nervous communication

A
  • Fast
  • Short lived
  • Localised
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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain + Spinal Chord

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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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4
Q

What does the somatic consist of

A

Conscious control

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5
Q

What does the autonomic consist of

A

Unconscious activity such as homeostasis

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6
Q

Summarise a receptor

A
  • Specialised cell designed to detect a stimulus
  • Specific as will only detect one stimulus
  • Cell or protein
  • Transform stimulus into electrical nerve impulse
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7
Q

How is resting potential maintained?

A
  • Sodium potassium pump using ATP to transport 3 Sodium OUT and 2 potassium IN
  • Voltage gated sodium channel closed
  • Potassium ion channel open so diffuses out by electrochemical gradient but no equilibrium due to diffusion and the positive outside charge
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8
Q

What is a generator potential

A

A weak stimulus where some NA+ channels open and NA+ diffuses in, reaching the threshold potential

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9
Q

Summarise an action potential

A
  • Resting potential at first
  • Generator potential
  • Threshold reached
  • Na+ in until 40mv, (depolarisation) and then potassium gates open
  • Potassium diffuse out (hyper polarisation) when membrane potential more negative than resting potential due to slow closing of K+ channels
  • Refractory period at the end and prevents new AP occurring, and that they are discrete (non-overlapping and separate) and unidirectional
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10
Q

Summarise the all or nothing law of action potentials

A
  • If a generator potential reaches threshold, AP occurs
  • Action potentials same size
  • Strong stimulus generates more AP (frequency increased)
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11
Q

Why does myelination increase speed of an AP

A
  • Schwann Cells that make myelin are an electrical insulator

- Impermeable to the movement of ions in and out

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12
Q

Summarise saltatory conduction

A
  • Neurone myelinated
  • Lots of Na+ and L+ in nodes of Ranvier
  • Depolarisation can only occur in nodes
  • AP jumps between nodes in a process called saltatory conduction
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13
Q

Define salutary conduction

A

When an action potential jumps between nodes of ranvier, so speeds up transmission of nerve impulse due to cytoplasm conducting enough charge to depolarise next node

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14
Q

How does temperature effect AP speed

A

More kinetic energy so faster speeds up to 40C

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15
Q

How does the diameter of an axon affect speed aP

A

Greater diameter = faster AP

due to greater SA for ion movement and so less resistance

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16
Q

Define synapse

A

Junction between neurones whereby chemical transmission occurs

17
Q

Define cholinergic synapse

A

One the uses acetylcholine

18
Q

Summarise synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse

A
  • AP arrives at presynaptic knob
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ ions open and diffuse in
  • Cause vesicles to move towards membrane
  • Fuse and release acetylcholine by exocytosis
  • Diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind with receptors
  • Binding causes Na+ channels to open causing further AP if threshold reached
  • Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to stop response
19
Q

How are synapses unidirectional?

A
  • Receptor on post synapse and neurotransmitter released from pre synapse from high to low conc.
20
Q

What is synaptic divergence?

A
  • When neurones join many neurones

- AP spreads to other parts of body

21
Q

What is synaptic convergance?

A
  • When many neurones join a single neurone amplifying the signal
22
Q

Summarise spatial summation

A
  • When neurotransmitters from multiple neurones combine to trigger an AP
  • Weak stimulus creates only a few AP
23
Q

Summarise temporal summation

A
  • Single AP does not always trigger an AP in next neurone

- Strong stimulus causes more frequent AP so more neurotransmitter increasing chance of next AP

24
Q

Define neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neurone and muscle fibre

25
Q

Summarise what occurs at a neuromuscular junction

A
  • Neurotransmitter released
  • binds to receptors
  • AP travels along sarcolema
  • Then travels down traverse tubules which meet the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Ca2+ ions released
26
Q

Differences between neuromuscular junction and synapse

A
  • Muscular junction has more receptors so AP more likely
  • Acetylcholinesterase found in pits
  • Receptors called nicotinic cholinergic receptors
27
Q

Why are muscles in antagonistic pairs

A

Muscles only pull, they cannot push

28
Q

Define ligament and tendon

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone and tendons attach bone to muscle

29
Q

Summarise skeletal muscle

A
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Muscle fibres
  • Multinucleate (many nuclei)
  • Myofibrils containing myofilaments of actin and myosin
30
Q 
A band
I band
H band
M Line
Z Line
A 
A = Myosin
I = Inbetween Myosin
H = Inbetween actin
M = Middle
Z =. End
31
Q

Summarise a sarcomere when relaxed

A
  • Actin myosin binding site blocked by tropomyosin

- Prevents actin myosin cross bridge forming

32
Q

Summarise a sarcomere when contracted

A
  • Ca2+ released
  • Tropomyosin moves
  • Allows actin myosin cross bridge to be formed
33
Q

Role of Ca2+ and ATP in muscle contraction

A

Move tropomyosin
Stimulate ATPase

ATP change shape of myosin head (bend myosin head) causing power stroke
Active transport of Ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Detaches myosin head from actin

34
Q

How is ATP made for muscle contraction

A
  • Phosphocreatine binds with ADP to produce ATP
35
Q

Summarise fast twitch muscle fibres

A
  • Contract and relax quickly
  • High force of contraction
  • Fatigue quickly
  • Respire anaerobically so few mitochondria, little blood supply and less myoglobin
  • High intensity and short duration
36
Q

Summarise slow twitch muscle fibres

A
  • Contract and relax slowly
  • Low force of contraction
  • Resistance to fatigue
  • Respire aerobically so lots of mitochondria, good blood supply, myoglobin
  • Little anaerobic respiration
  • Low intensity and long duration

Biology - Unit 6 (6 decks)

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