Nervous And Psychiatric Flashcards
0
Q
Afferent nerve
A
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal chord
1
Q
Acetylcholine
A
Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
2
Q
Arachnoid membrane
A
Middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
3
Q
Astrocyte
A
Type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
4
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
5
Q
Axon
A
Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along the nerve
6
Q
Blood-brain barrier
A
Protective separation between the blood and brain cells
7
Q
Brainstem
A
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
8
Q
Cauda equina
A
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
9
Q
Cell body
A
Part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus
10
Q
Central nervous system
A
The brain and the spinal cord
11
Q
Cerebellum
A
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintained balance
12
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
13
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
14
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
15
Q
Cranial nerves
A
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and the neck
16
Q
Dendrite
A
Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
17
Q
Dura mater
A
Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and the spinal cord.
18
Q
Efferent nerve
A
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
19
Q
Ependymal cell
A
Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
20
Q
Ganglion
A
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
21
Q
Glial cell
A
supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
22
Q
Gyrus
A
Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
23
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Portion of the brain beneath the thamalus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
24
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of the blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
25
Meninges
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
26
Microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the nervous system
27
Motor nerve
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs; efferent nerve
28
Myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axons of a nerve cell.
29
Nerve
Macroscopic cord like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
30
Neuron
Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body ; parenchyma of the nervous system
31
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell
32
Oligodendroglial cell
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axons
33
Parasympathetic nerves
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
34
Parenchyma
Essential distinguishing tissue of any organ or system
35
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
36
Pia mater
Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
37
Plexus
Large, interlacing network of nerves
38
Pons
Parts of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain
39
Receptor
Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are all examples.
40
Sciatic nerve
Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
41
Sciatica
Pain or inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve
42
Sensory nerve
Carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord from a receptor
43
Spinal nerves
Thirty one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
44
Stimulus
Agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
45
Stromatolites
Connective and supportive tissue of an organ
46
Sulcus
Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex ; fissure
47
Sympathetic nerves
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntary in times of stress
48
Thalamus
Main relay center of the brain, it conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
49
Vagus nerve
Tenth cranial nerve, it branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
50
Ventricles of the brain
Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
51
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum
52
Cerebellar
Pertaining to the cerebellum
53
Cerenbr/o
Cerebrum
54
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum
55
Dur/o
Dura mater
56
Subdural hematoma
Collection of blood on the surface of the brain
57
Epidural hematoma
A traumatic brain injury where the build up of blood happens between the dura mater and the skull
58
Encephal/o
Brain
59
Encephalitis
Irritation and swelling of the brain
60
Encephalopathy
Brain disease or disorder
61
Anencephaly
is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development
62
Gli/o
Glial cells
63
Glioblastoma
Primary malignant brain tumor
64
Lept/o
Thin, slender
65
Leptomeningeal
the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers
66
Mening/o; meningi/o
Membranes; meninges
67
Meningioma
A tumor that arises from the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
68
Myelomeningocele
is a neural tube defect in which the bones of the spine do not completely form, resulting in an incomplete spinal canal
69
My/o
Muscle
70
Myoneural
Pertaining to both muscle and nerve
71
Myel/o
Spinal cord
72
Poliomyelitis
is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis.
73
Neur/o
Nerve
74
Neuropathy
disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.
75
Pont/o
Pons
76
Cerebellopontine
Pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons
77
Radicul/o
Nerve root
78
Radiculopathy
refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves is affected and does not work properly
79
Polyneuritis
inflammation of several peripheral nerves simultaneously
80
Radicalitis
Inflammation of the spinal nerve root
81
Thalam/o
Thalamus
82
Thalamic
Pertaining to the thalamus
83
Thec/o
Sheath
84
Intrathecal injection
is the introduction of a therapeutic substance into the cerebrospinal fluid by injection
85
Vag/o
Vagus nerve
86
Vagal
Pertaining to the vagus nerve
87
Algeso; -algesia
Excessive sensitivity to pain
88
Analgesia
Inability to feel pain
89
Hypagelsia
Diminished sensation of pain
90
-algia
Pain
91
Neuralgia
is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve
92
Cephalgia
Headache
93
Caus/o
Burning
94
Causalgia
Intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve
95
Comat/o
Deep sleep
96
Comatose
of or in a state of deep unconsciousness for a prolonged or indefinite period, especially as a result of severe injury or illness.
97
Esthesi/o; -esthesia
Feeling, nervous sensation
98
Anesthesia
Lack of normal sensation
99
Hyperesthesia
Abnormal increase in sensitivity
100
Paresthesia
is a sensation of tingling, tickling, prickling, pricking, or burning of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect
101
Kines/o
Movement
102
Bradykinesia
Slowness of movement, precursor to Parkinson's
103
Dyskinesia
Condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements
104
Hyperkinesia
Abnormally heightened and sometimes uncontrollable muscle movement
105
Akinetic
Absence or loss of voluntary movement
106
-lepsy
Seizure
107
Epilepsy
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
108
Narcolepsy
is a sleep disorder that causes excessive sleepiness and frequent daytime sleep attacks.
109
Lex/o
Word, phrase
110
Dyslexia
or developmental reading disorder,[1] is characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension despite normal or above-average intelligence.
111
-paresis
Weakness
112
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body
113
-phasia
Speech
114
Aphasia
Difficulty with speech. When someone knows what they want to say but has difficulty pronouncing it.
115
Sensory aphasia
Having difficulty understanding language may pronounce words easily but use them in inappropriately
116
-plegia
Paralysis
117
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body
118
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body caused by injury or disease of the spinal cord or couda equina
119
Quadriplegia
Partial or total loss of use of the limbs
120
-praxia
Action
121
Apraxia
is the inability to execute learned purposeful movements,[2] despite having the desire and the physical capacity to perform the movements
122
-sthenia
Strength
123
Neurasthenia
Nervous exhaustion and fatigue
124
Syncop/o
To cut off, cut short
125
Syncopal
a faint; temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate flow of blood to the brain
126
Tax/o
Order, coordination
127
Ataxia
Condition of decreased coordination
128
Hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain
129
Spina bifida
Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of the vertebral parts.
130
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration , personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
131
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.
132
Epilepsy
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.
133
Huntington disease
Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
134
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and it's replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
135
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
136
Palsy
Paralysis, partial or complete loss of motor function
137
Parkinson's disease
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement
138
Tourette syndrome
Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
139
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
140
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
141
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
142
Brain tumor
Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
143
Cerebral concussion
Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
144
Cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
145
Cerebrovascular (CVA)
Disruption in the normal bloody supply to the brain; stroke
146
Migraine
Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
147
Absence seizure
Form of a seizure consisting of momentary clouding of the consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings
148
Aneurysm
Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA stroke.
149
Astrocytoma
Malignant tumor of astrocytes
150
Aura
Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
151
Dementia
Mental decline and deterioration
152
Demyelination
Destruction of myelin on axons of neurons
153
Dopamine
CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease
154
Embolus
Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
155
Gait
Manner of walking
156
Ictal event
Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
157
Occlusion
Blockage
158
Palliative
Relieving symptoms but not curing them
159
Thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland; used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.
160
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
161
Tic
Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristics of Tourette syndrome
162
Tonic-clonic seizure
Major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss do consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
163
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Samples of CSF are examined
164
Cerebral angiography
X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material.
165
Computed tomography of the brain
Computerized X-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
166
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
167
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
168
Doppler ultrasound studies
Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
169
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Recording of the electrical activity of the brain
170
Lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is withdrawn rom between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
171
Stereotactic radio surgery
Use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
172
AD
Alzheimer's disease
173
AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and Spina difida
174
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gherig's disease
175
AVM
Arteriovenous malformation, congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum
176
BBB
Blood-brain barrier
177
CNS
Central nervous system
178
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
179
CT
Computed tomography
180
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
181
ICP
Intracranial pressure
182
LP
Lumbar puncture
183
MAC
Monitored anesthetic care
184
MG
Myasthenia gravis
185
MRA
Magnetic resonance angiography
186
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
187
MS
Multiple sclerosis
188
1/2P
Hemiparesis
189
PCA
Patient controlled analgesia
190
PET
Position emission tomography
191
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
192
Sz
Seizure
193
TBI
Traumatic brain injury
194
TENS
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
| Technique using a battery powered device to relieve acute chronic pain
195
TIA
Transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain
196
TLE
Temporal lobe epilepsy
197
tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator; a clot dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke
198
Amnesia
Loss of memory
199
Anxiety
Varying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension, or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, breathlessness, and choking sensations
200
Apathy
Absence so emotions, lack on interest, emotional involvement, or motivation
201
Compulsion
Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
202
Conversion
Anxiety becomes a bodily symptom, such as blindness, deafness, or paralysis, that does not have a physical basis
203
Affect
External expression of emotion, or emotional response
204
Amnesia
Loss of memory
205
Anorexia nervosa
Characterized by unpleasant tension, distress, and avoidance behavior
206
Autism
Pervasive developmental disorder characterized by inhibited social interaction and communication and by restricted repetitive behavior
207
Bipolar disorder
Mood disorder with alternations periods of mania and depression
208
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder with binge eating followed by vomiting, purging, and depression
209
Cannabis
Plant substance from which marijuana is obtained
210
Compulsion
Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
211
Conversion disorder
Condition marked by physical physical symptoms with no organic basis, appearing as a result of anxiety and unconscious inner conflict
212
Defense mechanism
Unconscious technique used to resolve or conceal conflicts of anxiety
213
Delirium
Confused thinking, disorientation, changes in alertness, difficulty paying attention, and fearfulness
214
Delusion
Fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence
215
Dementia
Loss of intellectual abilities with impairment of memory, judgment, and reasoning as well as changes in personality.
216
Depression
Major mood disorder with chronic sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry, and discouragement and, commonly suicidal impulses and thoughts
217
Dissociative disorder
Chronic or sudden disturbance in memory, identity, or consciousness
218
Ego
Central coordinating branch of personality or mind
219
Fugue
Flight from customary surroundings
220
Gender identity disorder
Strong and persistent cross gender identification with the opposite sex
221
Hallucination
False sensory perception
222
Id
Major unconscious part of the personality
223
Labile
Unstable, undergoing rapid emotional change
224
Mania q
Extreme excitement, hyperactive elation, and agitation.
225
Mood disorders
Prolonged emotion dominates a persons life
226
Mutism
Non reactive state with inability to speak
227
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety disorder in which recurrent thoughts and repetitive acts dominate behavior
228
Paranoia
Overly suspicious system of thinking with fixed delusions of being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated
229
Paraphilia
Recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior that involved unusual objects, activities or situations
230
Personality disorders
Lifelong personality patterns marked by inflexibility and impairment of social functioning
231
Pervasive developmental disorders
Group of childhood disorder characterized by delays in socialization and communication skills
232
Phobia
Irrational or disabling fear of an object
233
Post traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety related symptoms appear after personal experience of traumatic event
234
Projective, personality, test q
Diagnostic personality test using stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual's personality
235
Psychiatrist
Physician with medical training in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders
236
Psychologist
Nonmedical professional specializing in mental processes and how the brain functions in health and disease
237
Psychosis
A disorder marked by loss of contact with reality often associated with delusions and hallucinations
238
Reality testing
Psychological process that distinguishes fact from fantasy
239
Repression
Defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses are automatically pushed into the unconscious, out of awareness
240
Schizophrenia
Chronic psychotic disorder that may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and lack of initiative
241
Sexual disorders
Regular overuse of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system
242
Superego
Internalized conscience and moral aspect of the personality
243
Amphetamines
Central nervous system stimulants that may be used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and depression
244
Atypical antipsychotics
Drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and behavior
245
Benzodiazepines
Drugs that lessen anxiety, tension, agitation, and panic attacks
246
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Focuses on the connection between behavior and thoughts.
247
Electro convulsive therapy
Electric current is used to produce convulsions and loss of consciousness
248
Family therapy
Treatment of an entire family to resolve and shed light on conflicts
249
Free association
Psychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without censorship, the passing contents of his or her mind
250
Group therapy group
patients with similar problems gain insight to their personalities through discussion and interaction with each other
251
Hypnosis
Induce trance
252
Insight oriented therapy
face to face discussion of life problems and associated feelings
253
Lithium
Medication used to treat the manic stage of bipolar illness
254
Neuroleptic drug
Any drug that favorable modifies the psychotic symptoms
255
Phenothiazines
Antipsychotic drugs
256
Play therapy
Treatment in which a child, through use of toys in a playroom setting, expresses conflicts and feelings that cannot be communicated in a direct manner
257
Psychoanalysis
Treatment that allows the patient to explore inner emotions and conflicts so as to understand and change current behavior
258
Psychodrama
Group therapy in which a patient expresses feelings by acting out family and social roles with other patients
259
Psychopharmacology
Treatment of psychiatric disorders with drugs
260
Sedatives
Drugs that lessen anxiety
261
Supportive psychotherapy
Offering encouragement support, and hope to patients facing difficult life transitions and events.
262
Transference
Psychoanalytic process in who the patient relates to the therapist as through the therapist were a prominent childhood figure
263
Tricyclic antidepressants
Drugs used to treat severe depression
264
Anxi/o
Uneasy, anxious, distressed
265
Anxiolytic
A drug that relieves anxiety
266
Aut/o
Self
267
Hallucin/o
Hallucination, to wander in the mind
268
Hallucinogen
A psychoactive that causes hallucinations
269
Hypn/o sleep
Sleep
270
Hypnosis
is a trance- like state in which you have heightened focus and concentration.
271
Iatr/o
Treatment
272
Iatrogenic
of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.
273
Ment/o
Mind
274
Mental
Pertaining to the mind
275
Neur/o
Nerve
