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Chapter 10 + 22 > Nervous And Psychiatric > Flashcards

Nervous And Psychiatric Flashcards

0
Q

Afferent nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal chord

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1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

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2
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Astrocyte

A

Type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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5
Q

Axon

A

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along the nerve

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6
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

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8
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Cell body

A

Part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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10
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintained balance

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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15
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and the neck

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16
Q

Dendrite

A

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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17
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and the spinal cord.

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18
Q

Efferent nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

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19
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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21
Q

Glial cell

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses

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22
Q

Gyrus

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thamalus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of the blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here

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25
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Microglial cell

A

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the nervous system

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27
Q

Motor nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs; efferent nerve

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28
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axons of a nerve cell.

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29
Q

Nerve

A

Macroscopic cord like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

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30
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body ; parenchyma of the nervous system

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31
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell

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32
Q

Oligodendroglial cell

A

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axons

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33
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

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34
Q

Parenchyma

A

Essential distinguishing tissue of any organ or system

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35
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

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36
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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37
Q

Plexus

A

Large, interlacing network of nerves

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38
Q

Pons

A

Parts of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain

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39
Q

Receptor

A

Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are all examples.

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40
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

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41
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain or inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve

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42
Q

Sensory nerve

A

Carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord from a receptor

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43
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Thirty one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

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44
Q

Stimulus

A

Agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

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45
Q

Stromatolites

A

Connective and supportive tissue of an organ

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46
Q

Sulcus

A

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex ; fissure

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47
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntary in times of stress

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48
Q

Thalamus

A

Main relay center of the brain, it conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

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49
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Tenth cranial nerve, it branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

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50
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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51
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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52
Q

Cerebellar

A

Pertaining to the cerebellum

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53
Q

Cerenbr/o

A

Cerebrum

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54
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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55
Q

Dur/o

A

Dura mater

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56
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Collection of blood on the surface of the brain

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57
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

A traumatic brain injury where the build up of blood happens between the dura mater and the skull

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58
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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59
Q

Encephalitis

A

Irritation and swelling of the brain

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60
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Brain disease or disorder

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61
Q

Anencephaly

A

is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development

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62
Q

Gli/o

A

Glial cells

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63
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Primary malignant brain tumor

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64
Q

Lept/o

A

Thin, slender

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65
Q

Leptomeningeal

A

the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers

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66
Q

Mening/o; meningi/o

A

Membranes; meninges

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67
Q

Meningioma

A

A tumor that arises from the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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68
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

is a neural tube defect in which the bones of the spine do not completely form, resulting in an incomplete spinal canal

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69
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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70
Q

Myoneural

A

Pertaining to both muscle and nerve

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71
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord

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72
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis.

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73
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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74
Q

Neuropathy

A

disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.

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75
Q

Pont/o

A

Pons

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76
Q

Cerebellopontine

A

Pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons

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77
Q

Radicul/o

A

Nerve root

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78
Q

Radiculopathy

A

refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves is affected and does not work properly

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79
Q

Polyneuritis

A

inflammation of several peripheral nerves simultaneously

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80
Q

Radicalitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal nerve root

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81
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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82
Q

Thalamic

A

Pertaining to the thalamus

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83
Q

Thec/o

A

Sheath

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84
Q

Intrathecal injection

A

is the introduction of a therapeutic substance into the cerebrospinal fluid by injection

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85
Q

Vag/o

A

Vagus nerve

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86
Q

Vagal

A

Pertaining to the vagus nerve

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87
Q

Algeso; -algesia

A

Excessive sensitivity to pain

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88
Q

Analgesia

A

Inability to feel pain

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89
Q

Hypagelsia

A

Diminished sensation of pain

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90
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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91
Q

Neuralgia

A

is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve

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92
Q

Cephalgia

A

Headache

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93
Q

Caus/o

A

Burning

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94
Q

Causalgia

A

Intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve

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95
Q

Comat/o

A

Deep sleep

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96
Q

Comatose

A

of or in a state of deep unconsciousness for a prolonged or indefinite period, especially as a result of severe injury or illness.

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97
Q

Esthesi/o; -esthesia

A

Feeling, nervous sensation

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98
Q

Anesthesia

A

Lack of normal sensation

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99
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

Abnormal increase in sensitivity

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100
Q

Paresthesia

A

is a sensation of tingling, tickling, prickling, pricking, or burning of a person’s skin with no apparent long-term physical effect

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101
Q

Kines/o

A

Movement

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102
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowness of movement, precursor to Parkinson’s

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103
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements

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104
Q

Hyperkinesia

A

Abnormally heightened and sometimes uncontrollable muscle movement

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105
Q

Akinetic

A

Absence or loss of voluntary movement

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106
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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107
Q

Epilepsy

A

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

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108
Q

Narcolepsy

A

is a sleep disorder that causes excessive sleepiness and frequent daytime sleep attacks.

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109
Q

Lex/o

A

Word, phrase

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110
Q

Dyslexia

A

or developmental reading disorder,[1] is characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension despite normal or above-average intelligence.

111
Q

-paresis

A

Weakness

112
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

113
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

114
Q

Aphasia

A

Difficulty with speech. When someone knows what they want to say but has difficulty pronouncing it.

115
Q

Sensory aphasia

A

Having difficulty understanding language may pronounce words easily but use them in inappropriately

116
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

117
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

118
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body caused by injury or disease of the spinal cord or couda equina

119
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Partial or total loss of use of the limbs

120
Q

-praxia

A

Action

121
Q

Apraxia

A

is the inability to execute learned purposeful movements,[2] despite having the desire and the physical capacity to perform the movements

122
Q

-sthenia

A

Strength

123
Q

Neurasthenia

A

Nervous exhaustion and fatigue

124
Q

Syncop/o

A

To cut off, cut short

125
Q

Syncopal

A

a faint; temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate flow of blood to the brain

126
Q

Tax/o

A

Order, coordination

127
Q

Ataxia

A

Condition of decreased coordination

128
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain

129
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of the vertebral parts.

130
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration , personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.

131
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.

132
Q

Epilepsy

A

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

133
Q

Huntington disease

A

Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

134
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and it’s replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue

135
Q

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

136
Q

Palsy

A

Paralysis, partial or complete loss of motor function

137
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

138
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.

139
Q

Herpes zoster (shingles)

A

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

140
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

141
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

142
Q

Brain tumor

A

Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

143
Q

Cerebral concussion

A

Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

144
Q

Cerebral contusion

A

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head

145
Q

Cerebrovascular (CVA)

A

Disruption in the normal bloody supply to the brain; stroke

146
Q

Migraine

A

Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

147
Q

Absence seizure

A

Form of a seizure consisting of momentary clouding of the consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings

148
Q

Aneurysm

A

Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA stroke.

149
Q

Astrocytoma

A

Malignant tumor of astrocytes

150
Q

Aura

A

Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.

151
Q

Dementia

A

Mental decline and deterioration

152
Q

Demyelination

A

Destruction of myelin on axons of neurons

153
Q

Dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease

154
Q

Embolus

A

Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

155
Q

Gait

A

Manner of walking

156
Q

Ictal event

A

Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with convulsions of an epileptic seizure.

157
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage

158
Q

Palliative

A

Relieving symptoms but not curing them

159
Q

Thymectomy

A

Removal of the thymus gland; used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.

160
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

161
Q

Tic

A

Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristics of Tourette syndrome

162
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

Major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss do consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.

163
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

Samples of CSF are examined

164
Q

Cerebral angiography

A

X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material.

165
Q

Computed tomography of the brain

A

Computerized X-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

166
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

167
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

168
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

169
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain

170
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn rom between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

171
Q

Stereotactic radio surgery

A

Use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

172
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

173
Q

AFP

A

Alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and Spina difida

174
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gherig’s disease

175
Q

AVM

A

Arteriovenous malformation, congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum

176
Q

BBB

A

Blood-brain barrier

177
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

178
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

179
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

180
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

181
Q

ICP

A

Intracranial pressure

182
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

183
Q

MAC

A

Monitored anesthetic care

184
Q

MG

A

Myasthenia gravis

185
Q

MRA

A

Magnetic resonance angiography

186
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

187
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

188
Q

1/2P

A

Hemiparesis

189
Q

PCA

A

Patient controlled analgesia

190
Q

PET

A

Position emission tomography

191
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

192
Q

Sz

A

Seizure

193
Q

TBI

A

Traumatic brain injury

194
Q

TENS

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Technique using a battery powered device to relieve acute chronic pain

195
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain

196
Q

TLE

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

197
Q

tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator; a clot dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke

198
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

199
Q

Anxiety

A

Varying degrees of uneasiness, apprehension, or dread often accompanied by palpitations, tightness in the chest, breathlessness, and choking sensations

200
Q

Apathy

A

Absence so emotions, lack on interest, emotional involvement, or motivation

201
Q

Compulsion

A

Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly

202
Q

Conversion

A

Anxiety becomes a bodily symptom, such as blindness, deafness, or paralysis, that does not have a physical basis

203
Q

Affect

A

External expression of emotion, or emotional response

204
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

205
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Characterized by unpleasant tension, distress, and avoidance behavior

206
Q

Autism

A

Pervasive developmental disorder characterized by inhibited social interaction and communication and by restricted repetitive behavior

207
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Mood disorder with alternations periods of mania and depression

208
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Eating disorder with binge eating followed by vomiting, purging, and depression

209
Q

Cannabis

A

Plant substance from which marijuana is obtained

210
Q

Compulsion

A

Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly

211
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Condition marked by physical physical symptoms with no organic basis, appearing as a result of anxiety and unconscious inner conflict

212
Q

Defense mechanism

A

Unconscious technique used to resolve or conceal conflicts of anxiety

213
Q

Delirium

A

Confused thinking, disorientation, changes in alertness, difficulty paying attention, and fearfulness

214
Q

Delusion

A

Fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical reasoning or evidence

215
Q

Dementia

A

Loss of intellectual abilities with impairment of memory, judgment, and reasoning as well as changes in personality.

216
Q

Depression

A

Major mood disorder with chronic sadness, loss of energy, hopelessness, worry, and discouragement and, commonly suicidal impulses and thoughts

217
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

Chronic or sudden disturbance in memory, identity, or consciousness

218
Q

Ego

A

Central coordinating branch of personality or mind

219
Q

Fugue

A

Flight from customary surroundings

220
Q

Gender identity disorder

A

Strong and persistent cross gender identification with the opposite sex

221
Q

Hallucination

A

False sensory perception

222
Q

Id

A

Major unconscious part of the personality

223
Q

Labile

A

Unstable, undergoing rapid emotional change

224
Q

Mania q

A

Extreme excitement, hyperactive elation, and agitation.

225
Q

Mood disorders

A

Prolonged emotion dominates a persons life

226
Q

Mutism

A

Non reactive state with inability to speak

227
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Anxiety disorder in which recurrent thoughts and repetitive acts dominate behavior

228
Q

Paranoia

A

Overly suspicious system of thinking with fixed delusions of being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated

229
Q

Paraphilia

A

Recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or behavior that involved unusual objects, activities or situations

230
Q

Personality disorders

A

Lifelong personality patterns marked by inflexibility and impairment of social functioning

231
Q

Pervasive developmental disorders

A

Group of childhood disorder characterized by delays in socialization and communication skills

232
Q

Phobia

A

Irrational or disabling fear of an object

233
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

Anxiety related symptoms appear after personal experience of traumatic event

234
Q

Projective, personality, test q

A

Diagnostic personality test using stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual’s personality

235
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Physician with medical training in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders

236
Q

Psychologist

A

Nonmedical professional specializing in mental processes and how the brain functions in health and disease

237
Q

Psychosis

A

A disorder marked by loss of contact with reality often associated with delusions and hallucinations

238
Q

Reality testing

A

Psychological process that distinguishes fact from fantasy

239
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanism by which unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses are automatically pushed into the unconscious, out of awareness

240
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Chronic psychotic disorder that may include hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, flat affect, and lack of initiative

241
Q

Sexual disorders

A

Regular overuse of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system

242
Q

Superego

A

Internalized conscience and moral aspect of the personality

243
Q

Amphetamines

A

Central nervous system stimulants that may be used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and depression

244
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and behavior

245
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Drugs that lessen anxiety, tension, agitation, and panic attacks

246
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

Focuses on the connection between behavior and thoughts.

247
Q

Electro convulsive therapy

A

Electric current is used to produce convulsions and loss of consciousness

248
Q

Family therapy

A

Treatment of an entire family to resolve and shed light on conflicts

249
Q

Free association

A

Psychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without censorship, the passing contents of his or her mind

250
Q

Group therapy group

A

patients with similar problems gain insight to their personalities through discussion and interaction with each other

251
Q

Hypnosis

A

Induce trance

252
Q

Insight oriented therapy

A

face to face discussion of life problems and associated feelings

253
Q

Lithium

A

Medication used to treat the manic stage of bipolar illness

254
Q

Neuroleptic drug

A

Any drug that favorable modifies the psychotic symptoms

255
Q

Phenothiazines

A

Antipsychotic drugs

256
Q

Play therapy

A

Treatment in which a child, through use of toys in a playroom setting, expresses conflicts and feelings that cannot be communicated in a direct manner

257
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Treatment that allows the patient to explore inner emotions and conflicts so as to understand and change current behavior

258
Q

Psychodrama

A

Group therapy in which a patient expresses feelings by acting out family and social roles with other patients

259
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Treatment of psychiatric disorders with drugs

260
Q

Sedatives

A

Drugs that lessen anxiety

261
Q

Supportive psychotherapy

A

Offering encouragement support, and hope to patients facing difficult life transitions and events.

262
Q

Transference

A

Psychoanalytic process in who the patient relates to the therapist as through the therapist were a prominent childhood figure

263
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Drugs used to treat severe depression

264
Q

Anxi/o

A

Uneasy, anxious, distressed

265
Q

Anxiolytic

A

A drug that relieves anxiety

266
Q

Aut/o

A

Self

267
Q

Hallucin/o

A

Hallucination, to wander in the mind

268
Q

Hallucinogen

A

A psychoactive that causes hallucinations

269
Q

Hypn/o sleep

A

Sleep

270
Q

Hypnosis

A

is a trance- like state in which you have heightened focus and concentration.

271
Q

Iatr/o

A

Treatment

272
Q

Iatrogenic

A

of or relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.

273
Q

Ment/o

A

Mind

274
Q

Mental

A

Pertaining to the mind

275
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

Chapter 10 + 22 (1 decks)

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