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GIT > Nervous and Endocrine Control > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine Control Flashcards

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1
Q

GIT Sympathetic nervous control

Effects and Mediators

A
  • Decrease motility (NE)
  • Decrease secretions (NE)
  • Constriction of sphincters (NE)
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2
Q

GIT Parasympathetic control

Effects and Mediators

A
  • Increase motility and secretions (ACh)
  • Relaxation of sphincters (VIP through NO)
  • Increase gastrin secretion (GRP by stimulating G cells)
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3
Q

Gastrin

Source

A

G cells of stomach antrum and duodenum

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4
Q

Somatostatin

Source

A

D cells of pancreatic islets and GI mucosa

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5
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Source

A

I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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6
Q

Secretin

Source

A

S cells of duodenum

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7
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Source

A

K cells of duodenum and jejunum

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8
Q

Motilin

Source

A

Small intestine

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9
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Source

A

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine

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10
Q

Ghrelin

Source

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Gastrin

Stimulants

A
  • Increased by stomach distention/alkalinization, amino acids, peptides and vagal stimulation via gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)
  • Decreased by pH < 1.5
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12
Q

Somatostatin

Stimulants

A
  • Increased by acid

- Decreased by vagal stimulation

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13
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Stimulants

A

Increased by fatty acids and amino acids

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14
Q

Secretin

Stimulants

A

Increased by acid and fatty acids in duodenal lumen

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15
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Stimulants

A

Increased by fatty acids, amino acids and oral glucose

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16
Q

Motilin

Stimulants

A

Increased in fasting state

17
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Stimulants

A
  • Increased by distention and vagal stimulation

- Decreased by adrenegic input

18
Q

Ghrelin

Stimulants

A
  • Increased in fasting state

- Decreased by food

19
Q

Gastrin

Action

A
  • Increases gastric H+ secretion and motility

- Increases growth of gastric mucosa

20
Q

Somatostatin

Action

A
  • Decreases gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
  • Decreases pancreatic and small intestinal fluid secretion
  • Decreases gallbladder contraction
  • Decreases insulin, glucagon and most other hormones release including growth hormone
21
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Action

A
  • Increases pancreatic secretions
  • Increases gallbladder contraction
  • Causes relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
  • Decreases gastric emptying
22
Q

Secretin

Action

A
  • Increases pancreatic HCO3- secretion (to neutralize gastric acids and allow pancreatic enzymes to function)
  • Increases bile secretion
  • Decreases gastric motility and acid secretion
23
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Action

A
  • Exocrine: decreases gastric motility and acid secretion

- Endocrine: Increases insulin release

24
Q

Motilin

Action

A

Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

25
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Action

A
  • Increases intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

- Increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles and sphincters

26
Q

Ghrelin

Action

A

Increases appetite

27
Q

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)

Source

A

Duodenal cells

28
Q

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)

Stimulants

A

Increased by carbohydrates

29
Q

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)

Action

A
  • Decreases gastric motility and acid secretion

- Decreases glucagon release

30
Q

Hormones that increases insulin release

A
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

- Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)

31
Q

Gastrin

Notes

A
  • Increased by chronic PPI use
  • Increased in chronic gastritis
  • Increased so much in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)
32
Q

Somatostatin

Notes

A

Octreotide is an analog that is used in treatment of

  • Acromegaly
  • Carcinoid syndrome
  • Variceal bleeding
33
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Notes

A

Acts on neural muscarinic pathways to cause pancreatic secretion

34
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Notes

A

Oral glucose load lead to increase insulin compared to IV glucose due to GIP secretion

35
Q

Motilin

Notes

A

Motilin receptor agonists like erythromycin are used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis

36
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Notes

A

VIPoma (non-alpha, non-beta islet cell pancreatic tumor that secrets VIP) will cause Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia and Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome)

37
Q

Ghrelin

Notes

A
  • Increased in Prader-Willi syndrome

- Decreased after gastric bypass surgery

GIT (3 decks)

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