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Neurology > Nerves- FA > Flashcards

Nerves- FA Flashcards

1
Q

Important nerves: T4

A

At the “teat pore”- nipple

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2
Q

T10

A

At the belly but”ten”

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3
Q

L1

A

L1 is the 1nguinal Ligament (or Inguinal L1gament)

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4
Q

Nerve root vs. spinal cord

A

Nerve roots are above vertebrae up to C7 and then C8 is below vertebrae

All other nerve roots are below the respective vertebrae

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5
Q

Additional reflexes

A

S 1,2- Achilles
L 3,4- Patellar
C 5,6- Biceps
C 7,8- Triceps

PLUS
L 1,2- make the testicles move (cremaster reflex)
S 3,4- winks galore (anal wink)

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6
Q

Primitive reflexes (when they disappear too)

A

Moro- startle (3mo)
Rooting- searching/ nipple seeking- when stroked (4mo)
Palmar- grasping (6mo)
Babinski/ plantar- extension of toes (12mo)
Galant- stroking spin when pronated/facing ventrally, leads to lateral flexion toward stimulated side

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7
Q

Pineal gland

A

behind third ventricle

causes melatonin section and circadian rhythms

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8
Q

Superior colliculi

A

conjugate vertical gaze

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9
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

auditory

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10
Q

Parinaud syndrome

A

paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to a lesion in the superior colliculi (e.g. stroke, hydrocephalus, and pinealoma)

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11
Q

Superior vs. inferior colliculi

A

Eyes are above ears so superior colliculi (eyes) and inferior colliculi (ears)

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12
Q

CN Nuclei locations

A

Essentially the same as the nerves themselves, except CN XI is located in the spinal cord

Lateral nuclei: sensory (aLar plate)
Medial nuclei: Motor (basal plate)

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13
Q

COS(3)R(2)OSI(2)J(3)H

A 
Cribriform plate- I
Optic canal- II
Superior orbital fissure- III, IV, VI
Rotundum- V1, V2
Ovale- V3
Spinosum- Middle meningeal
Internal auditory meatus- VII, VIII
Jugular foramen- IX, X, XI
Hypoglossal canal- XII
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14
Q

CN nerve fibers (sensory vs. motor)

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

  1. S
  2. S
  3. M
  4. M
  5. B
  6. M
  7. B
  8. S
  9. B
  10. B
  11. M
  12. M
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15
Q

CN I- role

A

Olfactory- smell (no thalamic relay)

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16
Q

CN II- role

A

Sight

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17
Q

CN III- role

A

Eye movement- SR (up and out), IR (down and out), MR (in), IO (up and in) and pupillary constriction

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18
Q

CN IV- role

A

Eye movement: SO (down and in)

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19
Q

CN VI- role

A

Eye movement: LR (out)

20
Q

CN V- role & motor deficit

A

Mastication and facial sensation
V3: Somatosensation/ pain from anterior 2/3 of tongue

Deficit of motor component (master): deviation TOWARD side of lesion

21
Q

CN VII- role

A 
Muscles of facial expression
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Lacrimation
Salivation (submandibular and sublingual)
Eyelid closing (orbicularis oculi)
Auditory volume modulation (stapedius)
22
Q

CN VIII- role

A

Hearing, balance

23
Q

CN IX- role and deficit

A 
Taste and sensation- posterior 1/3 of tongue
Swallowing
Salivation (parotid gland)
Baroreceptor monitoring (from carotids)
Elevation of pharynx and larynx
24
Q

CN X- role and deficit

A 
Taste from supraglottic region
Swallowing
Soft palate elevation
Uvula midline
Talking, coughing
Parasympathetics to thoracoabdominal aorta
Monitoring aortic arch baroreceptors

Deficit: Uvula shifts AWAY from side of lesion (U-A-X)

25
Q

CN XI- role and deficit

A 
Head turning
Shoulder shrugging (SCM, trapezius)

Deficit: Trapezius muscle that is affected stays low (drooped); weakness turning head to the contralateral side of the lesion

26
Q

CN XII- role and deficit

A

Tongue movement

Deficit: LMN- tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion (HTT)

27
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

Sensory info (VII, IX, X)

28
Q

Nucleus aMbiguus

A

Motor info (IX, X, and XI)

29
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus

A

X

30
Q

CN reflexes- corneal

A

Afferent: V1 (nasocilliary)
Efferent: VII

Similar to lacrimation reflex

31
Q

CN reflexes- pupillary

A

Afferent: II
Efferent: III

32
Q

CN reflexes- jaw jerk

A

Afferent: V3- sensory
Efferent: V3- motor (masseter)

33
Q

CN reflexes- gag

A

Afferent: IX
Efferent: X

34
Q

CN reflexes- lacrimation

A

Afferent: V1
Efferent: VII

Similar to corneal reflex

35
Q

Muscles of mastication- innervated by V3

A

Closing (MMT)
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
teMporalis

Opening (L)
Lateral Pterygoid (Lateral Lowers- bottom jaw)
36
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions

A

CONTRALATERAL paralysis

Forehead spared due to dual innervation

37
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions

A

IPSILATERAL paralysis

Forehead not spared because only one/ ipsilateral LMN

38
Q

Facial nerve palsy- tx

A

Corticosteroids, acyclovir

39
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

Collection of venous sinuses (on either side of pituitary)- blood from eye and superficial cortex

40
Q

Cavernous sinus syndrome

A

Variable ophthalmoplegia, decreased corneal sensation, Horner syndrome, decreased maxillary sensation

Cause: pituitary tumor (mass effect), carotid-cavernous fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis (related to infection)

CN VI (lateral movement)- generally most susceptible to injury- closest to the pituitary

41
Q

Carotid sheath (contents and orientation)

A 
Internal jugular (lateral and most superficial)
Vagus nerve (posterior- and between IJ and CC)
Common carotid (most medial)
42
Q

Auditory physiology

A

Outer ear- pinna + auditory canal + eardrum; transfers sound waves

Middle ear- three bones: malleus, incus, and stapes; conduct and amplify sound from eardrum to inner ear

Inner ear- Fluid filled cochlea; contains basilar membrane (BASE: high-pitched frequencies, APEX: low-pitched frequencies)–> “every low has to be balanced with a high” (or just remember that they are opposites)

Hair cells transduce vibration to the auditory nerve –> inferior colliculus of brain stem

43
Q

Hearing loss- conductive

A

C-B-A

Rinne test- Conductive: bone > air (abnormal)

Weber test- sound travels to AFFECTED ear (makes sense, because sound resonates (gets louder) in the fluid that is built up in the ear- think about people talking when you are inside a swimming pool)

44
Q

Hearing loss- sensorineural

A

Rinne test- Sensorineural: air > bone (normal) opposite of conductive)

Weber test- sound travels to UNAFFECTED ear (makes sense because nerves to affected hear are damaged)

45
Q

Noise-induced hearing loss

A

Damage to stereo ciliated cells in organ of Corti

Loss of HIGH-frequency hearing 1st; sudden-loud noises can produce hearing loss due to tympanic membrane rupture

46
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris within the middle ear space

May erode ossicles, mastoid air cells –> causes CONDUCTIVE hearing loss

Neurology (5 decks)

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