Nerves and Vessels of the Lower limbs

Question 1

How many sacral nerves are there?

Answer 1

5

Question 2

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

Which spinal nerves supply each of the following:
Neck 
Upper Limb 
Trunk 
Lower Limb 
Perineum

Answer 3

Neck: C1-C4
Upper Limb: C5-T1 
Trunk: T2-L1 
Lower Limb: L2-S3 
Perineum: S2-C1

Question 4

Which muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

Answer 4

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

Question 5

The femoral nerve innervates all the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh. Which extra spinal root contributes to the innervation of iliopsoas?

Answer 5

L1

Question 6

Which nerve roots are responsible for:
Inversion 
Eversion 
Toe Extension 
Toe Flexion

Answer 6

Inversion: L4
Eversion: L5S1
Toe Extension: L5S1
Toe Flexion: S12

Question 7

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to most of the posterior of the thigh?

Answer 7

Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Question 8

Which two spinal nerve roots are responsible for sensory innervation of most of the posterior side of the lower limb?

Answer 8

S1 and S2

Question 9

What are autonomous sensory zones?

Answer 9

Regions where you can be confident of the spinal root affected if there is any abnormal sensation in those regions

Question 10

Which part of the lower limb does the obturator nerve supply sensory innervation to?

Answer 10

Inner part of the thigh

Question 11

Which part of the leg does the saphenous nerve provide sensory innervation to?

Answer 11

Medial part of the leg

Question 12

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to most of the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 12

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 13

Where can the common peroneal nerve be damaged easily?

Answer 13

At the neck of the fibula

Question 14

What are the consequences of damage to the common peroneal nerve?

Answer 14

Foot drop
Loss of sensation to the dorsum of the foot at least
No change in reflexes or autonomic function

Question 15

Describe the position of the posterior tibial artery relative to the medial malleolus.

Answer 15

It is posterior to the medial malleolus

Question 16

Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?

Answer 16

Just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon

Question 17

Where can the posterior tibial artery pulse be felt?

Answer 17

Just posterior to the medial malleolus

Question 18

What is cut-down and when it is performed?

Answer 18

In cut-down a vein is exposed surgically and then a cannula is inserted into the vein under direct vision. It is used to get vascular access in trauma and hypovolemic shock patients when peripheral cannulation is difficult or impossible. The saphenous vein is most commonly used.

Question 19

Where is the incision made in cut-down?

Answer 19

2 cm lateral and proximal to the medial malleolus

Question 20

What is intermittent claudication?

Answer 20

Muscle pain induced by exercise and relieved by rest, that is caused by inadequate blood supply to the affected muscles (associated with arterial disease)

Question 21

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 21

Ischaemia caused by trauma-induced increased in pressure in a confined limb compartment

Question 22

What is the normal pressure in muscle compartments?

Answer 22

25 mm Hg

Question 23

What pressure is required to collapse vessels?

Answer 23

50-60 mm Hg

Question 24

What are the causes of acute and chronic compartment syndrome?

Answer 24

Acute – trauma-associated

Chronic – exercise-induced

Question 25

What is the treatment of acute compartment syndrome?

Answer 25

Emergency fasciotomy

Question 26

How do varicose veins form?

Answer 26

Valve dysfunction in the superficial, deep and perforating veins
Saphenofemoral junction valve is the most important

NOTE: can cause lipodermatosclerosis and ulcers