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BioPsy > Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses > Flashcards

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that receive information and transmit it to other cells

A

Neurons

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2
Q

The average adult human brain contains approximately _____________ neurons.

A

86 billion

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3
Q

Who are recognized to be the founders of neuroscience?

A

Charles Sherrington & Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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4
Q

The cerebral cortex has around _______ neurons.

A

16 billion

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5
Q

The cerebellum has at least _______ neurons.

A

69 billion

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6
Q

The spinal cord has around _______ neurons.

A

1 billion

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7
Q

What did Cajal’s research on nerve cells demonstrate?

A

Nerve cells remain separate instead of merging into one another

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8
Q

The surface of a cell and the structure that separated the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

Most chemicals cannot cross the membrane, but protein channels in the membrane permit _______________.

A

Water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and other chemicals

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10
Q

Cell structure that contains the chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Cell structure that performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell uses for all activities

A

Mitochondrion

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12
Q

Cell structure that have genes separate from those in the nucleus of a cell

A

Mitochondrion

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13
Q

Sites within a cell that synthesize new protein molecules

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Building materials of a cell that facilitate chemical reactions

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Floating freely within the cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

A network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

The most distinctive feature of a neuron

A

Shape

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18
Q

Describe a motor neuron

A

Soma in the spinal cord
Receives excitation through its dendrites
Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

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19
Q

Describe a sensory neuron

A

Soma located on a stalk off the main trunk
Specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation
Conducts touch information from the skin to the spinal cord

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20
Q

Branching fibers that get narrower near their ends

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

The term dendrite comes from the Greek root word ______

A

Tree

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22
Q

Covers the dendrite’s surface where it receives information from other neurons

A

Synaptic receptors

23
Q

The greater the surface area of a dendrite, ___________

A

The more information it can receive

24
Q

Short outgrowths located on dendrites that increase the surface area available for synapses

A

Dendritic spines

25
Q

Cell structure that contains the nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria

A

Cell body or soma

26
Q

Soma is the Greek word for _____

A

Body

27
Q

Cell bodies of neurons range in diameter from ____________

A

0.005 mm to 0.1 mm in vertebrates
Up to a millimeter in invertebrates

28
Q

A thin fiber of constant diameter which conveys an impulse toward other neurons, an organ, or a muscle

A

Axon

29
Q

The term axon comes from the Greek word _______

A

Axis

30
Q

Axons can be ____________ in length

A

More than a meter

31
Q

Insulating material that covers vertebrate axons and separated by Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin sheaths

32
Q

Invertebrate axons do not have ___________

A

Myelin sheaths

33
Q

The end of each branch in an axon that releases chemicals that cross through the junction between the neuron and another cell

A

Presynaptic terminal (end bulb or bouton)

34
Q

What is an afferent axon?

A

Axon that brings information to a structure

35
Q

What is an efferent axon?

A

Axon that carries information away from a strcture

36
Q

Every sensory neuron is ________

A

Afferent

37
Q

Every motor neuron is ______

A

Efferent

38
Q

What is an interneuron or an intrinsic neuron?

A

Neuron wherein its cell’s dendrites and axon are contained entirely within a single structure

39
Q

The ______ of a neuron determines its connections with other cells, thereby determining its function

A

Shape

40
Q

Which part of the brain are glia are more abundant than neurons?

A

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

Star-shaped glia that wraps around the synapses of functionally related axons

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

What are the functions of an astrocyte?

A

Shields neurons from chemicals
Synchronizes closely related neurons
Generate rhythms such as the rhythm for breathing
Dilates blood vessels to bring more nutrients into the brain areas that have heightened activity

43
Q

The hypothesis that the tip of an axon releases chemicals that cause the neighboring astrocyte to release chemicals of its own, thus magnifying or modifying the message to the next neuron

A

Tripartite synapse

44
Q

Glial cells that act as part of the immune system and proliferate after brain damage, removing viruses and fungi, dead or damaged neurons, and the weakest synapses from the brain

A

Microglia

45
Q

Glial cells that build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate axons and supply an axon with nutrients necessary for proper functioning

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

46
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

A

The brain and spinal cord

47
Q

Where are Schwann cells located?

A

The periphery of the body

48
Q

Glial cells that guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

A

Radial glia

49
Q

The mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the vertebrate brain

A

Blood-brain barrier

50
Q

A protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

A

Active transport

51
Q

Which chemicals are actively transported into the brain

A

Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, a few vitamins, and iron

52
Q

Vertebrate neurons depend almost entirely on __________ (brain’s main fuel)

A

Glucose

53
Q

Why do neurons depend heavily on glucose?

A

Glucose is the only nutrient that crosses the blood-brain barrier in large quantities

54
Q

Neurons need a steady supply of _________ to metabolize glucose

A

Oxygen

BioPsy (2 decks)

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