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MCD- Tissues > Nerve > Flashcards

Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four lobes of the brain and the function of it

A
  1. Frontal: Responsible for executive functions such as personality
  2. Parietal: Contains the somatic sensory cortex responsible for processing tactile information
  3. Temporal: Contains important structures such as the hippocampus (short term memory), the amygdala (behaviour) and Wernicke’s area (auditory perception & speech)
  4. Occipital: Processing of visual information
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2
Q

What are the folds in the cerebral hemisphere called?

A

Gyri- RidGes

Sulci- Valleys

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Fine tuning motor functions. Involved in balance and posture.

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5
Q

What are the 4 broad types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Unipolar- Has a cell body and one axon in one direction. Rarely found in the CNS. Mainly found around the retina.

Pseudo-unipolar - single axonal projection which splits into 2. Rarely found in the CNS, found in the pain pathway in the PNS.

Bipolar- 2 projections from the cell body. Rarely found in the CNS

Multipolar- COMMON
-Numerous projections coming from the cell body. Only 1 axon, rest are dendrites.

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6
Q

What are the three types of multipolar cells/shape?

A

Pyramidal- pyramid shaped cell body.
Purkinje cells- GABA neurones found in the cerebellum
Golgi Cells- GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

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7
Q

Describe the features of neurones and the common features they share.

A
  • Excitable cells and heterogeneous morphology (lots of different types of cells)
  • non-dividing cells

COMMON:

Soma (cell body)

  • Nucleus and ribosomes- protein production
  • Neurofilaments- type of IF provides structural support and transport

AXON

  • Multipolar cell with only ONE axon.
  • Can branch off into collaterals and it is myelinated
  • responsible for the conduction of an AP

Dendrites:

  • NOT myelinated
  • receives signals from other neurones
  • highly branched
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8
Q

What is the difference between axons and dendrites?

A

Axons are myelinated and dendrites are not There is only one axon but there are many dendrites

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9
Q

What are the features of astrocytes?

A
  • not excitable
  • Can proliferate
  • Most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain
  • Outnumber neuronal cells in the CNS
  • star shaped
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10
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes

A
  • Structural cells , support by acting as a glue
  • Facultative macrophages (turn into macrophages when they need to)
  • Repair (provide nutrients for repair of neuronal cells)
  • Homeostasis (mop up neurotransmitter and other substances released by the CNS)
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11
Q

What do oligodendrocyte do?

A

One oligodendrocyte myelinates MANY axons in the CNS. Glial cell produces the myelin.

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12
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin for peripheral nerves.

One schwann cell myelinates ONE axon segment.

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13
Q

What are some differences between oligodendrocytes and astrocytes?

A

Oligodendrocytes are: Smaller
Denser cytoplasm and nucleus
Absence of intermediate filaments and glycogen in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

They are the immune cells of the CNS

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15
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A
  • epithelial cells of the CNS
  • Line fluid filled ventricles: full of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Regulate production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid.
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16
Q

Name 5 different cell types found in the nervous system and provide details of their functions (10m)

A
  1. Neurone: excitable cells of the nervous system, responsible for electrical transmission
  2. Oligodendrocyte: A type of glial cells that produces myelin
  3. Schwann cell: myelin producing cells of the peripheral nervous system
  4. Astrocyte: structural cells involved in cell repair, neurotransmitter release & reuptake
  5. Microglia: Neuronal macrophages
  6. Ependyma: epithelial cells lining the ventricles
17
Q

What is the usual resting membrane potential?

A

Between -40 and -90mV

18
Q

Describe the ion distribution

A

High extracellular- Na+, Cl-
Low extracellular- K+
High concentration gradient for ca2+

19
Q

Why does a Resting membrane potential exist

A

exists due to an ionic imbalance, high extracellular Na+ & high intracellular K+

20
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potentials jump between adjacent nodes of ranvier (instead of cable conduction) and so it speeds up action potentials

21
Q

What can happen to Neurotransmitters when they dissociate from receptors?

A
  • Metabolised by enzymes in synaptic cleft

- recycled by transporter proteins

22
Q

What are the components of a neurone?

A
  • Soma: cell body with the nucleus and intracellular organelles.
  • Axon: thin outgrowth responsible for the conduction of an AP
  • Dendrites: highly branched outgrowths of the stoma.
23
Q

Which one of the following types of neurones has only one axonal projection from the cell body?

A

Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudo-unipolar
unipolar

MCD- Tissues (12 decks)

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