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Vet Pathology > Neruopathology > Flashcards

Neruopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is chromatolysis?

A

the disappearance of Nissl substance

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2
Q

what is demyelination?

A

loss of myelin with preservation of cell body and axon

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3
Q

name one disease that has demyelination as a lesion

A

distemper

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4
Q

what is wallerian degeneration?

A

distruction of axon and myelin sheath following trauma or toxic injury

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5
Q

can wallerian degeneration regenerate in the PNS?

A

yes

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6
Q

wallerian degeneration and necrosis is a sequelae of what disease?

A

cerebral and spinal dural osseous metaplasia (ossifying pachymeningitis)

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7
Q

what is satellitosis?

A

accumulation of glial cells around damaged neurons

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8
Q

what glial cells is most common in satellitosis?

A

microglia

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9
Q

what is neruonophagia?

A

the removal of damaged (necrotic) cells by microglia acting as a macrophage in the CNS

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10
Q

what is perivascular cuffing?

A

accumulation of leukocytes in perivascular (virchow-robin) spaces

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11
Q

What is malacia?

A

SOFTENING and liquefaction of nervous tissue from necrosis of neurons and glial cells

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12
Q

polioencephalomalacia

A

softening of the gray matter of the brain

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13
Q

leukoencephalomalacia

A

softening of the white matter of the brain

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14
Q

neuronal inclusion bodies can be ______ & _______

A

intranuclear and intracytoplasmic

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15
Q

name the intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusion body that is specific for rabies but not diagnostic?

A

negri body

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16
Q

which intranuclear neuronal inclusion body is specific for viral infections?

A

cowdry’s Type A

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17
Q

name 3 ways to differentiate cowdry’s type A from type B

A

Type A is usually single and displaces the nucleoulus and is surrounded by a clear halo
Type B is multifocal and the nucleolus is not displaced

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18
Q

define anencephaly

A

total absence of the entire brain (rare)

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19
Q

lesions of anencephaly

A

absence of the cerebral hemispheres and failure of forebrain fusion

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20
Q

what is the etiopathogenesis of prosencephalic hypoplasia?

A

failure of bilateral separation fo the primitive single telencephalic cavity into 2 hemispheres

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21
Q

what are the lesions of proencephalic hypoplasia?

A

single central ventricle

absence of the longitudinal fissure, the corpus callosum, olfactory bulb and optic tracts

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22
Q

what is cranium bifidum?

A

a protrusion of the brain through a defect in the cranium

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23
Q

what is a meningoencephalocele?

A

it is a protrusion of the brain and meningies through a defect in the skull

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24
Q

what is spina bifida

A

in the absence of the dorsal portions of the vertebrae the spinal cord protrudes out

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25
Q

what is hydromyelia

A

water in the spinal canal

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26
Q

hydromyelia is a lesion associated with what 2 conditions in weimaraner dogs

A

myelodysplastic and dysraphic congenital anomalies

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27
Q

lissencephaly is ________

A

the absence of primary gyri (folds)

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28
Q

what are the lesions of porencephaly

A

cysts or cavities in the wall of the cerebral hemisphere

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29
Q

hydranencephaly

A

complete or almost complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres

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30
Q

what vaccine in pregnant ewes can cause hydranencephaly in the lamb?

A

bluetongue

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31
Q

lesion of cerebellar hypoplasia

A

small amount of unformed cerebellum

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32
Q

name 6 different viruses that can cause cerebellar hypoplasia

A

FIP, BVD, Hog cholera vaccination, border disease, rat virus, hamster osteolytic virus

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33
Q

what are the microscopic lesions of cerebellar hypoplasia

A

loss of purkinje cells, narrowed and deficient cells in the granular layer

34
Q

what is syringomyelia

A

tubular cavitation of the spinal cord (lumbar segments) extending over several segments

35
Q

cavitations in the central gray matter, not lined by ependymal cells are the microscopic lesions of what?

A

syringomyelia

36
Q

what is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain and sub-meningeally?

A

hydrocephalus

37
Q

is hydrocephalus physiological in the early fetus?

A

yes

38
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus

A

increased production of CSF
obstruction of the normal flow of CSF
or defective absorption of CSF

39
Q

What are the lesions of cerebellar abiotrophy?

A

gross: cerebellum normal or shrunken
histologic: neuronal degeneration and loss
+ reactive gliosis

40
Q

what are the lesions of congenital hydrocephalus?

A

dilated ventricles or the duct system, dome-shaped, thin-boned and enlarged cranium

41
Q

what causes acquired hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction of flow of CSF due to an accumulation of and organization of exudate

42
Q

name 7 causes of acquired hydrocephalus

A 
bacterial meningitis,
TB, cryptococcosis, FIP (granulomatous meningitis)
intracranial neoplasms
parasitic cysts
cholesteatoma (horses)
43
Q

what are the lesions of acquired hydrocephalus?

A

pressure atrophy of the septum pellucidum and hippocampus, ventricular dilation, pressure atrophy of cerebrocortical white matter

44
Q

Is abiotrophy primary or secondary neuronal degeneration?

A

Primary

45
Q

is cerebellar abiotrophy seen at birth?

A

NO

46
Q

Name the 4 lesions associated with prion disease.

A
  • spongiform change of the neuropil
  • neuronal degeneration, apotosis and loss of prominent cytoplasmic vacuoles
  • astrocytosis
  • ABSENCE of inflamation
47
Q

name 3 diagnostic test for prion disease

A
  • Histology
  • PrP immunostaining
  • electron microscopy
48
Q

An inherited deficiency of galactocerebroside -B-galctosidase is a key part of the etiopathogenesis of what disease?

A

Globoid cell leukodystrophy

49
Q

what are the lesions of globoid cell leukodystrophy in the white and grey matter?

A

white: degenerative changes, bilaterally symmetrical presence of pas- positive globoid macrophages

Gray: minimal changes

50
Q

a thromboembolism is a possible cause of what type of necorosis

A

vascular

51
Q

name 4 causes of cerebral hypoxia

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • anesthetic accidents
  • toxicity (CN, NO3, CO, etc.)
  • nutritional deficiency
52
Q

on necropsy you find focal necrosis in the CNS of a horse. you diagnose equine nigorpallidal encephalomalacia when the toxin panel returns. What was the most likely cause of this toxin?

A

yellow star thistle

53
Q

lead poisoning will cause what type of necrosis pattern and where?

A

laminar pattern of poliomyelomalacia (gray matter)

54
Q

focal necrosis associated with moldy corn is

A

leukoencephalomalacia

55
Q

name 2 protozoa that can cause necrosis in the CNS

A

theileria, babesia

56
Q

what infectious bacteria can cause focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (sheep)

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

57
Q

vitamin deficiency (eg hypovitaminosis E) is associated with what type of necrosis?

A

(avian) encephalomalacia

58
Q

another cause for nutritional deficiency necrosis other than Vitamin deficiency is__________.

A

mineral deficiency (Cu)

59
Q

what 2 categories can cause focal necrosis

A

toxin and nutritional

60
Q

thiamine deficiency, salt poisoning, lead poisoning, cerebrocortical necorsis, polioencephalomalacia all cause what pattern of necrosis?

A

laminar necrosis

61
Q

what are the global (generalized) and regional (local) sequelae of hypoxia-ischimia

A

Global- ischemic encephalopathy
regional- infarction
both= cell death (if not corrected)

62
Q

name 4 possible causes of hypoxia-ischimia

A

dec systemic bp
dec vascular patency
inc intracranial pressure
dec capacity for autoregulation

63
Q

hypoxia-ischemia + hypoglycemia, E depletion =>

A

> > neuronal death

64
Q

what is the pathophysiology of ischemia

A

ischemia=> failure of cellular E source (ATP) => anaerobic glycolysis =>disruption of ion hemostasis => breakdown of cell structure

65
Q

what are the 4 methods of hypoxia-ischimia?

A

lactic acidosis, Ca influx, oxygen-free radicals, excitotoxins

66
Q

what are the 4 responses of hypoxia-ischemia

A

swell perinuronal astrocyte foot processes
neuronal contracture
cytoplasmic eosinophilia
nuclear pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

67
Q

T/F hemorrhage is one possible lesion of hypoxia-ischimia

A

True

68
Q

what is the etiopathogenesis of CNS hemorrhage

A

dec blood vessel integrity

dec coagulability of the blood

69
Q

name 4 possible consequences of hemorrhage

A

none
inc intracranial pressure
blood clots => hydrocephalus
organized thrombi

70
Q

what are the sequelae of cerebral edema?

A

inc intracerebral pressure

death

71
Q

name 4 lesions of localized edema

A

swollen,
soft depressed and moist on cut surface
faint yellow discoloration
displacement and distortion of the brain

72
Q

name 4 lesions of thromboembolism

A

atrial and aortic thrombosis (cats)
bone marrow
cartilaginous or nucleus pulposus (dogs)
septicemia

73
Q

is suppurative inflammation bacterial or viral?

A

bacterial

74
Q

non suppurative inflammation is commonly associated with what?

A

viral disease

75
Q

abscessation is a sequela of what type of inflamation

A

bacterial

76
Q

demyelination from inflammation is commonly associated with what disease

A

distemper

77
Q

how does the CNS respond to inflammation?

A

slow ct encapsulation

granulation tissue modified by astrocytic and microglial partcipation

78
Q

name 4 reactions/exudates to inflamation

A

suppurative
non suppurative
granulomatous
fibrinous

79
Q

what are 2 causes of granulomatous inflammation

A

higher bacteria and mycotic infections

80
Q

gliosis is a sequelae of what type of inflammation exudate

A

nonsuppurative

81
Q

perivascular cuffing is commonly associated with what type of inflammation exudate

A

nonsuppurative

Vet Pathology (3 decks)

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