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Nephrology > Nephrology Tumors > Flashcards

Nephrology Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

What are oncocytomas composed of?

A
  • oncocytic cells (eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm)
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2
Q

What is a oncocytoma?

A
  • benign epithelial neoplasm
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3
Q

What are angiomyolipoma composed of?

A
  • blood vessels, smooth muscle, and adipose tissue (fat)

* benign neoplasm*

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4
Q

95% of all tumors originating in the kidney are what type?

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
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5
Q

Where in the glomerulus do you most often find renal cell carcinomas?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule

* most metabolically active

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6
Q

What % of renal cell carcinoma are metastatic at presentation?

A

30%

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7
Q

What are some of the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma? (4 listed)

A
  • smoking
  • dialysis
  • HBP
  • obesity
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8
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms consistent with renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Hematuria (90%)
  • Flank/abdominal pain
  • Palpable mass
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9
Q

A left sided varicocele may be indicative of what type of renal tumor?

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
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10
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • radial nephrectomy
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11
Q

What are the 3 types of RCC?

A
  • clear cell
  • papillary
  • chromophobe
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12
Q

What is the most common abdominal malignancy in kids?

A
  • Wilm’s tumor
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13
Q

What is the typical presentation of Wilm’s tumor?

A
  • painless palpable abdominal mass
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14
Q

T/F: 98% of Wilm’s tumors occur before the age of 10.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the mainstay treatment of Wilm’s tumor?

A
  • nephrectomy followed by chemotherapy

* 80-90% cure rate

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16
Q

What are the stages of Wilm’s tumor and what do they represent? (4 total)

A
  • Stage I = confined to kidney
  • Stage 2 = beyond kidney
  • Stage 3 = residual, non-hematogenous tumor in abd
  • Stage 4 = hematogenous metastases, bilateral tumor
17
Q

Wilm’s tumor is derived from what type of cells?

A
  • nephrogenic blastemal cells
18
Q

Which of the following urothelial neoplasias is benign?

a. papillary neoplasms
b. urothelial carcinoma in-situ
c. urothelial papilloma
d. invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

c. urothelial papilloma

19
Q

Urothelial carcinomas most frequently occur in what organ?

A
  • bladder
20
Q

90% of bladder cancers involve what cells?

A
  • transitional cells

* cells that line bladder allowing for expansion

21
Q

What type of cancer has the highest rate of recurrence of all cancers?

A
  • bladder cancer
22
Q

What are the 2 main risk factors of bladder cancer?

A
  • smoking

- > 60 yo

23
Q

What chemo drug has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer?

A
  • cyclophosphamide (hemorrhagic cystitis)
24
Q

80-90% of patients with bladder cancer will present with this sign.

A
  • painless microscopic or gross hematuria (80-90%)
25
Q

How can you differentiate between bladder cancer and BPH?

A
  • bladder cancer will result in dysuria
26
Q

What diagnostic study is used for bladder cancers?

A
  • cystoscopy
27
Q

What genetic anomalies are associated with horseshoe kidney? (2)

A
  • Turner’s syndrome

- Trisomy 13, 18, 21

28
Q

80% of patients with horseshoe kidney present with this sign.

A
  • Reflux
29
Q

What is the etiology of reflux nephropathy?

A
  • incompetent close of the UVJ
30
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A
  • renal condition in which the inferior poles of the kidney are fused
31
Q

If a child or male presents with an UTI they need to be evaluated for this congenital abnormality.

A
  • Vesico-ureteral reflux
32
Q

What diagnostic study is used to assess for vesico-ureteral reflux?

A
  • Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
33
Q

Exposure to aniline dyes and aromatic amines is a risk factor for what type of cancer?

A
  • Urothelial Neoplasia
34
Q

What is the clinical presentation of reflux nephropathy if it occurs prenatal vs postnatal?

A
  • prenatal = hydronephrosis

- post-natal = UTI

35
Q

What grade of reflux nephropathy requires treatment?

A

Grade 3+

Nephrology (3 decks)

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