Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genitourinary & Reproductive System > Nephrology: Renal & Urological System > Flashcards

Nephrology: Renal & Urological System Flashcards

1
Q

What kidney tumor affects men twice as much as women and is associated with cigarette smoking and cadmium exposure?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Macroscopic hematuria
Flank pain
Palpable abdomina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is renal cell carcinoma diagnosed?

A

CT with contrast or MRI
Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of bladder cancer?

A

Unexplained hematuria; painless
Dysuria
Frequency/Urgency
Urination”burns”
Pyuria (pus in urine)
Pelvic Pain
*Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the hallmark of glomerular disease?

A

Proteinuria and cellular elements (casts, WBCs, and RBCs) in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis also known as?

A

Acute nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of acute glomerulonephritis?

A

1) Post-infectious: Most commonly post strep infection (1-6 weeks), but may be caused by other bacteria, virus, or fungi
2) Systemic causes: Vasculitis, SLE
3) Renal Disease: IgA nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Abrupt onset
Systemic: Lethargy, malaise, anorexia, low grade fever, flank pain
Hematuria
Oliguria
Mild to Moderatet Hypertension
Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What lab findings would you expect with acute glomerulonephritis?

A

1) Urine: Smokey or grossly bloody urine, RBC casts, mild proteinuria, RBCs, WBCs
2) Metabolic: Elevated BUN, elevated creatinine
3) Elevated ESR
4) Elevated antistreptolysin- O antibody titer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pathognomonic for acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Red Blood Casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the definition of chronic glomerulonephritis?

A

A clinical syndrome marked by irreversible and progressive diffuse fibrosis of the glomerulus with proteinuria, hematuria, HTN and an insidious loss of renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What glomerular disease affects young males and is marked by lung and renal hemorrhage with hemoptysis and hematuria?

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome: a group of acute illnesses that affects the lungs and kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis?

A

Many are silent; asymptomatic until stone starts to move:
1)Pain: Disabling, sharp, colicky or spasmodic pain which starts in the flank and radiates down to the thigh, labia or testes
2) Nausea/Vomiting
3) If in ureter or bladder can cause dysuria, frequency and urgency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of renal calculi can be seen with x-ray?

A

Most stones except for pure uric acid stones are radiopaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common type of renal calculi?

A

75-85% are Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What diagnostic test is done first before pyelography or urography is done?

A

A scout KUB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What herbs are indicated for nephrolithiasis?

A

Urtica dioica
Eupatorium purpurea
Vaccinium myrtillus
Taraxacum officinalis Leaf
Solidago canadensis
Viburum spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which stone is associated with Proteus infections?

A

Struvite Stones; indicated UTI is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would be in the DDx for nephrolithiasis?

A

Pyelonephritis (fever, chills, pyuria, vomiting)
Ectopic pregnancy, rupture of ovarian cyst
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Never root compression at L1
Appendicitis
Cholecystitis
Pancreatitis
Bowel Obstruction
UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is IgA nephropathy?

A

A glomerulonephritis with IgA antibodies being deposited in the glomerulus possibly related to food allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical findings for IgA nephropathy?

A

Symptoms appear a day after infection
Acute glomerulonephritis
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Hypertension
Renal Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is IgA nephropathy diagnosed?

A

BUN and creatinine are normal, elevated IgA, renal biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some of the causes of acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Longstanding Hypertension
Renal Insufficiency: poor renal function due to reduce blood- flow by renal artery
Proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

A collection of symptoms that result from primary or secondary damage to kidneys. Excretion of heavy amounts of protein in the urine, especially albumin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome characterized by?

A

PALE:
Severe proteinuria (“frothy” urine) , >50
Hypoalbuminemia (<20)
HyperLipidemia
Edema
Hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the lab findings for nephrotic syndrome

A

Proteinuria >3.5g/24 hours
Presence of granular, fatty, and waxy casts
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyperlipidemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of cast is pathognomonic for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Fatty Casts

27
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Severe proteinuria and peripheral edema

28
Q

What is the most common genetic renal disorder for children?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

29
Q

How does the kidney look on CT in polycystic kidneys?

A

Moth-eaten appearance due to multiple cysts

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of polycystic kidney disease?

A

Often asymptomatic (discovered accidentally)
Acute dull low back/flank pain
Hypertension
Hematuria
Nocturia
Abdominal Pain
Kidneys may be palpable
Progressive renal failure
Hemorrhage

31
Q

What would be the first diagnostic test you would do if you suspect Pyelonephritis? What might you find?

A

Urine Dipstick: Proteinuria, hematuria, and postive leukocyte esterase

32
Q

What organisms are primarily responsible for pyelonephritis?

A

(+) *Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, S. saphrophyticus
(-) E. coli (most common), *Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Rapid onset ( no longer than 24 hours)
Frequency, Urgency, Hematuria
Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Malaise, myalgia
PE: Murphy’s Punch Sign (costovertebral angle tenderness) - CVA tenderness

34
Q

What is found on labs with pyelonephritis?

A

Alkaline Urine
Mild proteinuria, bacteria, WBCs, and RBCs in urine
Urine culture show >100,000 organism/ml
White cell casts

35
Q

What is pathognomonic urine finding indicating pyelonephritis?

A

WBC casts

36
Q

What is the definition of acute renal failure?

A

Kidney lose ability to properly filtrate and remove waste products from the blood. Also, lose ability to produce normal urine (volume and composition)
*Increase azotemia with or without oliguria

37
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Increase BUN and creatinine

38
Q

What is the most common causes of acute renal failure?

A

Trauma: hemorrhage, burns, sepsis
Drugs, toxins
Excessive use of diuretics

39
Q

What are some less common causes of acute renal failure

A

Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
SLE
Goodpasture’s
Drug RXN

40
Q

What are some causes of pre-renal acute renal failure?

A

Pre-renal severe drop or abruption in blood pressure/flow:
Inadequate renal perfusion
Extra cellular volume depletion
Hemorrhage

41
Q

What are some causes of post-renal acute renal failure?

A

Post-renal: sudden obstruction of urine flow due to
Obstruction from calculi
Englarged prostate
Cancer

42
Q

What are some causes of instrinsic acute renal failure?

A

Instrinsic is due to direct damage to the kidneys
Prolonged renal ischemia
Nephro-toxins
Acute glomerulonephritis
Tubular necrosis

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute renal failure?

A

Edema and weight gain
HTN
Uremia/Azotemia: anorexia, N/V, weakness
Oliguria, anouria, polyuria, or normal urine output

44
Q

What would be seen on labs in acute renal failure?

A

Elevated BUN, creatine
Elevated K, pCO2
Reduced Na
Normochromic, normocytic anemia
Urine: RBCs, WBCs, proteinuria, cast (may be present)

45
Q

What lab test is diagnostic for acute renal failure?

A

A progressive daily rise in serum creatinine

46
Q

What is the prognosis in acute renal failure?

A

50% fatal

47
Q

What is the most dangerous outcome of taking NSAIDs in regard to the kidney?

A

Acute Renal Failure

48
Q

What is the definition of chronic renal failure?

A

A slow, progressive loss of kidney function (months-years). Irreversible damage showing waxy casts in urinalysis

A pathological state of loss of kidney function; insufficiency and derangement of renal excretory and regulatory function which is known as uremia.

49
Q

What are the main causes of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes Mellitus
HTN or CVD
PKD
Chronic pyelonephritis
Connective Tissue Disorders: SLE, scleroderma

50
Q

What are some the symptoms of early chronic renal failure?

A

1) Early stage is usually asymptomatic until GFR <30mL/min
2) Nocturia
3) Lassitude
4) Fatigue
5) Reduce mental acuity

51
Q

What are some of the symptoms of advanced chronic renal failure?

A

1) Muscle spasms and cramps
2) Peripheral neuropathies
3) Bad taste in the mouth
4) N/V, Anorexia and weight loss
5) Pruritus
6) GI ulcers and bleeding
7) Generalized tissue wasting
8) HTN, CHF, acidosis, anemia
9) Uremic frost on the skin

52
Q

What is seen on labs in chronic renal failure?

A

Elevated BUN and creatinine
Metabolic Acidosis: Normal or Decreased Na, Ca, CO2, Increased K

53
Q

What is seen on urinalysis with chronic renal failure?

A

Waxy casts

54
Q

What autosomal dominant disease is characterized by normal or low blood sugar due to persistent excretion of glucose in the urine?

A

Renal Glucosuria: glucose in urine WITHOUT high blood sugar

55
Q

What conditions are all considered a lower UTI?

A

Cystitis
Urethritis
Acute Prostatitis

56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms associated with a lower UTI?

A

Dysuria
Frequency/Urgency
Nocturia
Suprapubic pain
Hematuria
Incontinence
Cloudy Urine

57
Q

What findings on a urinalysis are synonymous with UTIs?

A

(+) Nitrites
(+) Leukocyte esterase
(+ or -) RBCs

58
Q

What herbs are indicated for treating and preventing UTIs?

A

Vaccinium myrthillus
Berberis spp.
Galium Aparine
Althaea Officinalis
Taraxacum officinalis leaf
Urtica dioica leaf
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Juniperus communis
Equisetum Arvense

59
Q

What are some of the homeopathic remedies to consider for UTIs?

A

Cantharis
Equisetum

60
Q

What acute homeopathic remedy is indicated for cystitis, especially in young women who are sexually active?

A

Staphysagria

61
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis?

A

Interstitial Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder not from an infectious cause

Persistent discomfort in bladder when full
Discomfort is relieved when emptying the bladder
Urinary Frequency, urgency
Dysuria
Negative urine culture
Suprapubic and/or pelvic pain
Symptoms present for more than 6 weeks

Symptoms commonly get aggravated by full bladder, menstruation, emotional stress, sex and eating foods high in potassium

62
Q

How do you diagnose interstitial cystitis?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion, Hunner’s ulcers are only found in approximately 10% of cases

Hunner’s ulcers in cystoscopy (gold standard of dx)

63
Q

What types of foods may irritate interstitial cystitis?

A

Artificial sweeteners, alcohol, acidic foods, caffeine, carbonated drinks

64
Q

What is the most common cause of urethritis?

A

Urethritis: Inflammation/infection of the lining of the urethra
Gonococcal Urethritis: N. Gonorrhoeae
Non-gonococcal Urethritis: Chlamydia Trachomatis

Genitourinary & Reproductive System (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions