Nephrology Pearls of Wisdom Flashcards
tuberous sclerosis genetics
AD
medication class that slows tumor growth in tuberous sclerosis
mTOR inhibitors
what are the mTOR inhibitors?
- sirolimus (aka rapamycin)
- everolimus
- temsirolimus
renal manifestation of tuberous sclerosis
- renal angiomyolipomas
- RCC (very rare)
Fabry disease genetics
XL
Fabry disease mutation
GLA mutation
skin manifestation seen in Fabry disease
angiokeratomas
enzyme defect causing Fabry disease
a-galactosidase A
finding seen on EM in Fabry disease
Zebra bodies
Zebra bodies can also be seen on patients taking what medication?
hydroxychloroquine
treatment for Fabry disease
ERT (enzyme replacement therapy)
MCD age distribution
children and elderly (bimodal distribution)
what should be ruled out in patients with MCD?
- NSAID use
- lymphoma
- lithium use
if AIN and AKI think of
NSAID use
rate of relapse in MCD
50%
what other renal manifestation is also commonly seen in patients with MCD?
ATN
ADPKD1 compared to ADPKD2
occurs earlier and more ESRD
PKD1, which chromosome?
16
PKD2, which chromosome?
4
polycystin proteins affect what?
cilium
extrarenal manifestations of ADPKD
- brain aneurysms
- diverticula
- abdominal wall hernias
- MVP
preferred bp medication for PKD
ACEI
PKD medication to slow cyst growth
vaptans
West African Sub-Saharan gene that protects against trypanosomes
APOL1
2 variants of APOL1
G1 and G2
2 high-risk alleles of APOL1 increase risk of
- HIV nephropathy
- sickle cell nephropathy
- ESRD from FSGS
- hypertensive nephrosclerosis
2 high-risk alleles of APOL1 increase what in ESRD patients?
survival
what % of African Americans carry 2 high risk alleles
14%
MCC of AIN
abx, namely B-lactams and sulfa-based antibiotics
AIN from abx have what w/i infiltrate?
eosinophils
AIN from NSAIDs does NOT have what?
eosinophils
what improves short- and long-term outcome if administered early in AIN?
steroids
rash is seen in AIN when caused by
abx
in AIN, which medication class do you NOT see rash?
PPIs
aside from AIN, other manifestations seen in IgG4-related disease
- pancreatitis
- retroperitoneal fibrosis
- masses in other organs
aside from AIN, other manifestations seen in sarcoidosis
- hypercalcemia
- hypercalciuria
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- AL amyloidosis
- is usually what type?
lambda
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- AL amyloidosis
- what size fibrils?
10 nm
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- light-chain deposition disease (LCDD)
- is usually what type?
kappa > lambda
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- light-chain deposition disease (LCDD)
- staining?
tubular light chain staining
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- light-chain deposition disease (LCDD)
- appearance on biopsy?
nodular, looks like diabetic KW disease
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- cast nephropathy
- usually what type?
kappa = lambda
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)
- cast nephropathy
- what’s seen on LM?
fractured casts
monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) can present w/?
Fanconi syndrome (proximal tubulopathy)
in monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), urine dipstick doesn’t detect what?
light chains (Bence Jones proteins)
serum [Na+] ~
(TBNa+ + TBK+)/TBW
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- hypERvolemic
- urine Na+ < 20 mmol/L
- heart failure
- liver failure
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- hypERvolemic
- urine Na+ > 20 mmol/L
- renal failure
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- EUvolemic
- urine Na+ > 20 mmol/L
- urine Osm > 100
- SIADH
- adrenal insufficiency
- hypothyroidism
- stress
- drug use
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- EUvolemic
- urine Na+ > 20 mmol/L
- urine Osm < 100
- primary polydipsia
- low solute intake
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- EUvolemic
- urine Na+ > 20 mmol/L
- variable urine Osm
reset osmostat
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- hypovolemia
- urine Na+ > 20 mmol/L
- salt wasting nephropathy
- hypoaldosteronism
- active diuretic use
- hyponatremia
- hypotonic
- hypovolemia
- urine Na+ < 20 mmol/L
- extrarenal sodium loss (GI)
- remote diuretic use
- hyponatremia
- hypertonic
- hyperglycemia
- mannitol
- hyponatremia
- normo-osmolar
- hyperlipidemia
- HLD can be 2/2 lipoprotein X a/w cholestatic or obstructive jaundice
presentation of D-lactic acidosis
- AMS
- ataxia
lactic acid level in D-lactic acidosis
normal, because they only measure L-lactate
cause for D-lactic acidosis
colonic bacteria exposed to glucose, usually from blind loop
tx for D-lactic acidosis
complex carbohydrate diet and antibiotics
vbg vs abg
- pH in vbg compared to abg
- pCO2 in vbg compared to abg
- HCO3 in vbg compared to abg
- pO2 in vbg compared to abg
- lower by 0.04
- higher by 4
- higher by 1
- lower
MCC of serum osmolal gap
ethanol
osmolal gap and AG in isopropyl alcohol
- increased osmolal gap
- NO AG (unless shock develops leading to lactic acidosis)
in ICU patient w/ AG consider what possible cause
propylene glycol from iv gtts
in ER patient w/ AG consider what possible causes
- salicylate
- EG
- methanol
- metformin intoxication
sglt2 inhibitor w/ AG, think of
euglycemic DKA
what elements are mismeasured as Cl-?
- bromide
- iodide
high unmeasured cation
lithium
high unmeasured cation in MM
gammaglobulins (severe hypergammaglobulinemia)
elements that are unmeasured cations
- Ca++
- Mg++
mechanism of PPI causing hypomagnesemia
decreased intestinal Mg absorption
urine FeMg in PPI use
low
hypomagnesemia causes
- hypoparathyroidism –> hypocalcemia
- K+ wasting
medications that cause renal wasting of hypomagnesemia
- aminoglycosides
- cisplatin
- cetuximab
- loop diuretics
- thiazide diuretics (except amiloride)
syndrome that leads to hypomagnesemia
Gitelman syndrome
causes of Fanconi syndrome
- tenofovir (+/- nephrogenic DI)
- ifosfamide (+/- nephrogenic DI)
- cisplatin
- MM
adults need w/u for what when Fanconi syndrome is diagnosed?
paraproteinemia
what do you see on labs w/ Fanconi syndrome?
- renal K+, PO4, and urate wasting
- aminoaciduria
what other renal abnormality can be seen w/ Fanconi syndrome?
proximal, type 2, RTA
magnesium in Fanconi syndrome
normal
HAGMA in elderly woman
5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) d/t acetaminophen use
HAGMA from sglt2 inhibitor
severe ketoacidosis w/ euglycemia
HAGMA from metformin
D lactic acidosis
HAGMA from linezolid
lactic acidosis
HAGMA from diethylene glycol
- brake fluid
- cranial nerve abnormalities
hypomagnesemia causes
- UMg < 20
- FeMg < 2.5
- PPI
- diarrhea
hypomagnesemia
- UMg > 20
- FeMg > 2.5
- what do you check next?
check 24-hour urine Ca++
hypomagnesemia causes
- UMg > 20
- FeMg > 2.5
- if 24-hour urine Ca++ < 150
- thiazide diuretics
- Gitelman syndrome
hypomagnesemia causes
- UMg > 20
- FeMg > 2.5
- if 24-hour urine Ca++ > 250
- loop diuretics
- Bartter syndrome
- cisplatin
hypokalemia causes
- low/normal volume state
- low bicarbonate
- diarrhea
- laxative use
- toluene
- RTA
- NAGMA
hypokalemia causes
- low/normal volume state
- low magnesium
- familial hypomagnesemia
hypokalemia causes
- low/normal volume state
- urine Cl- low
- vomiting
hypokalemia causes
- low/normal volume state
- urine Cl- high
- urine Ca++ LOW
- thiazide diuretics
- Gitelman syndrome
hypokalemia causes
- low/normal volume state
- urine Cl- high
- urine Ca++ HIGH
- loop diuretics
- Bartter syndrome
hypokalemia causes
- high volume state
- LOW renin and LOW aldosterone
- Liddle syndrome
- apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME)
- licorice
hypokalemia causes
- high volume state
- LOW renin and HIGH aldosterone
- primary hyperaldosteronism
- Cushing
- glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA)
hypokalemia causes
- high volume state
- HIGH renin and HIGH aldosterone
- malignant HTN
- renal artery stenosis (RAS)
- renin secreting tumor
tolvaptan for hyponatremia
- start only in hospital
- do NOT fluid restrict
- avoid in liver disease
- need HIGHER doses in CHF
tolvaptan effect in ADPKD
- slows cyst growth
- slows GFR loss
tolvaptan dose in ADPKD
2-4 times that for hyponatremia
adverse effects from hypophosphatemia
- rhabdomyolysis
- respiratory failure
- heart failure
pseudohypophosphatemia cause
- when labs drawn from catheter w/ heparin
distal, type 1, RTA
- what disease should you think of?
Sjogren
distal, type 1, RTA
- urine pH
> 5.5 (inappropriately high)
distal, type 1, RTA
- urine AG
POSITIVE
distal, type 1, RTA
- kidney stone type
CaPO4 stones
distal, type 1, RTA
- treatment
NaHCO3 1 meq/kg/day po
incomplete distal, type 1, RTA is seen in what cystic kidney disease?
medullary sponge kidney
what should be treated first in distal, type 1, RTA?
- hypokalemia
- giving bicarb first will further lower K+ can lead to respiratory failure
hypophosphatemia causes
- LOW UPhos
- < 100 mg/day
- FePO4 < 5%
cellular shifts
- refeeding syndrome
- treatment of DKA
- hyperventilation
GI loss
- alcoholism
- chronic diarrhea
- milk-alkali (calcium-alkali) syndrome (Ca2+ binding to PO4- in GIT)
# sudden drop in PTH - s/p parathyroidectomy (hungry bone syndrome)
hypophosphatemia causes
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ LOW
- vitamin D deficiency
hypophosphatemia causes
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ HIGH
PHPT
hypophosphatemia causes
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ NORMAL
- FGF-23-MEDIATED
- XLH
- ADHR
- ARHR
- TIO
- FD
- linear sebaceous nevus syndrome
- postrenal transplantation hypophosphatemia
- iron polymaltose infusions
hypophosphatemia causes
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ NORMAL
- NON-FGF-23-mediated
- diuretics
- drug-induced
- Fanconi syndrome
- genetic causes
- hyperparathyroidism
- HHRH (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria; NPT2c)
- XLH name
- associated gene
- XL hypophosphatemia
- PHEX
- ADHR name
- associated gene
- AD hypophosphatemic rickets
- FGF-23
- ARHR name
- associated gene
- AR hypophosphatemic rickets
- DMP1, ENPP1
TIO name
tumor-induced osteomalacia
FD name
fibrous dysplasia
- HHRH name
- associated gene
- hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets w/ hypercalciuria
- NPT2c
GENETIC causes of hypophosphatemia
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ NORMAL
- NON-FGF-23-mediated
- HHRH (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria; NPT2c)
- Dent’s disease
- cystinosis
- NaPi2a mutations
- others
DRUG-INDUCED hypophosphatemia
- HIGH UPhos
- > 100 mg/day
- FePO4 > 5%
- serum Ca++ NORMAL
- NON-FGF-23-mediated
- adefovir
- aminoglycosides
- cisplatin
- ifosfamide
- imatinib
- streptozocin
- tenofovir
- tetracyclines
- toluene
Andrew And Carol, If I’m Supposed To, Ten Tents
Alport’s disease genetics
- XL
- young men
Alport disease mutation
alpha 5 chain of type 4 collagen
clinical manifestations of Alport disease
- renal disease
- deafness
- anterior lenticonus
clinical manifestations in WOMEN w/ Alport disease
- hematuria ONLY
- rarely CKD
can be seen in Alport disease patients POST-renal transplant
crescentic anti-GBM GN, but NO pulmonary hemorrhage
EM findings in crescentic anti-GBM GN in Alport disease
basement membrane looks layered
TBMD genetics
- AD
- family history w/o ESRD or deafness
TBMD clinical manifestations
- microscopic hematuria
- usually minimal proteinuria
- usually clinically benign
hypocomplementemic GNs
- SLE
- classical pathway
- usually BOTH C3 and C4
hypocomplementemic GNs
- cryoglobulinemia
- classical pathway
- VERY LOW C4; can be undetectable
- sometimes low C3
hypocomplementemic GNs
- postinfectious GN
- alternate pathway
- C3 ONLY
hypocomplementemic GNs
- MPGN
- alternate pathway
- C3 ONLY
- especially in C3 nephropathy
hypocomplementemic GNs can also be seen in what instances?
- chronic infection
- subacute bacterial endocarditis
- HCV
- AED
hypocomplementemic GNs
- C3 GN
- C3 ONLY
hypocomplementemic GNs
- DDD
- C3 ONLY
primary membranous GN lab and histological finding
PLA2R Ab in serum and on biopsy stain
primary membranous GN is a/w what Ab?
IgG4
membranous GN w/ “full-house” IF
think of SLE
lupus nephritis - class 1
minimal mesangial LN
lupus nephritis
- class 1
- LM findings
normal
lupus nephritis
- class 1
- IF findings
mesangial immune deposits
lupus nephritis
- class 1
- clinical manifestations
mild proteinuria
lupus nephritis - class 2
mesangial proliferative LN
lupus nephritis
- class 2
- LM findings
- mesangial hypercellularity
- mesangial matrix expansion
- mesangial immune deposits
lupus nephritis
- class 2
- IF and EM findings
- mesangial immune deposits
- few subepithelial or subendothelial immune deposits
lupus nephritis
- class 2
- clinical manifestations
- mild renal disease such as hematuria or proteinuria
- usually no specific treatment needed
lupus nephritis - class 3 A
active lesions
- focal proliferative LN
lupus nephritis - class 3 A/C
active and chronic lesions
- focal proliferative and sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis - class 3 C
chronic inactive lesions
- focal sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis
- class 3
- LM findings
- active or inactive, focal, segmental, or global GN
- < 50% of all glomeruli
lupus nephritis
- class 3
- IF and EM findings
subendothelial and mesangial immune deposits
lupus nephritis
- class 3
- clinical manifestations
- mild to moderate renal disease
- hematuria
- moderate proteinuria
- worsening renal function in significant minority
lupus nephritis - class 4-S (A)
active lesions
- diffuse segmental proliferative LN
lupus nephritis - class 4-G (A)
active lesions
- diffuse global proliferative LN
lupus nephritis - class 4-S (A/C)
active and chronic lesions
- diffuse segmental proliferative and sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis - class 4-G (A/C)
active and chronic lesions
- diffuse global proliferative and sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis - class 4-S (C)
chronic inactive lesions w/ scars
- diffuse segmental sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis - class 4-G (C)
chronic inactive lesions w/ scars
- diffuse global sclerosing LN
lupus nephritis
- class 4
- LM findings
- active or inactive, segmental or global GN > 50% glomeruli
- diffuse segmental (class 4-S) when 50% glomeruli have SEGMENTAL lesions
- global (class 4-G) when 50% have GLOBAL lesions
lupus nephritis
- class 4
- IF and EM findings
subendothelial immune deposits
lupus nephritis
- class 4
- clinical manifestations
- HTN
- edema
- active urinary sediment
- worsening renal function
- nephrotic range proteinuria
- active extrarenal SLE in many patients
lupus nephritis - class 5
membranous LN
lupus nephritis
- class 5
- LM findings
- diffuse GBM thickening w/o inflammatory infiltrate
- subepithelial deposits and BM spikes on silver and trichrome stains
- may occur in combination w/ class 2 or 4
- may show advanced sclerosis
lupus nephritis
- class 5
- IF and EM findings
- subepithelial and intramembranous immune deposits
- subendothelial deposits present ONLY when proliferative component present
lupus nephritis
- class 5
- clinical manifestations
- nephrotic syndrome
- usually w/o manifestations of active SLE
lupus nephritis - class 6
advanced sclerosis LN
lupus nephritis
- class 6
- LM findings
- advanced glomerular sclerosis = 90% of glomeruli
- severe IFTA
- manifestations of irreversible renal injury
lupus nephritis
- class 6
- clinical manifestations
- significant CKD or ESRD in most cases
- unlikely to respond to medical therapy
if PLA2R negative, think of
- cancer
- SLE
- medications
- viral infections
- syphilis
- parasites
membranous GN treatment
- RAAS blockade x 6 months
- if NO response;
- steroids w/ CYA,
- steroids w/ tacrolimus,
- steroids alternating w/ chlorambucil (Ponticelli protocol),
- steroids alternating w/ CP (Ponticelli protocol),
OR - rituximab
anti-GBM disease age distribution
- bimodal
- young men and elderly