Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH for measuring acidemia or alkalemia

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the CO2 content of the body?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anion gap formula? Normal?

A

Na-Cl-bicarb; 12 is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do you always calculate anion gap?

A

Always check it because if you have an increased anion gap acidosis then you always have anion gap acidosis nomatter what else is going on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do you do after you identiy a respiratory acidosis?

A
  • 7.4 - (dimes x 0.08) = pH if acute
  • 7.4 - (dimes x 0.04) = pH if chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do you do after you after you figure out if the acidosis is acute or chronic?

A
  • 24+ (dimes*1) = expected bicarb if acute
  • 24 + (dimes x 3) = expected bicarb if chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do you do after determining that there is a respiratory alkalosis?

A

Dime changes in CO2 to determine chronicity

  • 7.4 - (dimes x 0.08) = pH if acute
  • 7.4 - (dimes x 0.04) = pH if chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do you do after determining the chronicity of a respiratory alkalosis?

A

Dime changes in CO2

  • 24-(dimes x 2) = Expected bicarb if acute
  • 24-(dimes x 4) = expected bicarb if chronic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do you do after checking the anion gap in metabolic acidosis?

A

Expected CO2 using winters formula

  • Expected CO2 = Winters = (Bicarb x 1.5) + 8 +/- 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do you do after doing winters formula in metabolic acidosis?

A

Add back method

  • Current anion gap - normal anion gap = x
  • X + current bicarbs = needed value
  • If this value is over 24 = metabolic alkalosis
  • If this value is under 24 then there is a metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of anion gap acidosis?

A

MUDPILES

  • Methanol
  • Uremia
  • DKA
  • Propylene
  • Iron
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Salicylates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the causes of Non gap acidosis?

A

RTA or diarrhea depending on the urine anion gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal urine chloride?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is volume responsive metabolic alk?

A
  • Diuretics, dehydration, emesis, NG suction
  • Cl under 10 (because tubes can reabsorb Cl)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

UCl > 10 and HTN is caused by

A

Inappropriate aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

UCl >10 and no HTN is caused by

A

Genetic diseases

17
Q

Euvolemic hyponatremia causes

A

RATS

  • RTA
  • Addisons
  • Thyroid
  • SIADH
18
Q

Formula for serum osmoles

A

Serum osmoles = (2 x Na) + Glucose/18 + Bun/2.8

19
Q

EKG changes in hyperkalemia

A

“Everything gets bigger”

  • Peaked T waves
  • Prolonged QRS
  • PR interva lincrease
20
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

C BIG K DIE

  • C: Calcium - stabilize myocardium
  • B: Bicarb - Shifts K into cells
  • IG: Insulin and glucose - Shift K into cells
  • K: Kayexalate - Decreased K
  • D: Dialysis - Decreased K
21
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

Renal losses

  • Hyperaldosterone
  • Loop diuretics
  • Thiazides

GI losses

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
22
Q

What do you do if there is hypokalemia on labs? What do you do if confirmed?

A

Recheck K and check anEKG for findings

  • If confirmed replete at 10 mEq/hr by peripheral line and 20 mEq/hr by central line
23
Q

GFR ratings in kidney failure?

A
  • I: Over 90
  • II: 60-90
  • III: 30-60
  • IV: 15-30
  • V: Under 15
24
Q

A1C and glucose goals of people on insulin

A

A1C under 7 and bG 80-110

25
Q

Complications of renal failure and corresponding treatments

A
  • Anemia: EPO and iron with goal hemoglobin of 11-12
  • Scondary hypoparathyroidism: Phosphate binders like sevelamer and cincalcet
  • Volume overload: Loops and hemodialysis
  • Metabolic acidosis: Bicarb pills
26
Q

Acute renal failure presentation. What is the first thing you should notice?

A

Elevated creatinine or decreased urinary output

27
Q

Causes of prerenal acute kidney injury

A
  • Pump: CHF, MI
  • Fluid: Diarrhea, dehydration, diuresis, bleeding
  • Pipes: Nephrotic, cirrhosis, gastrosis
  • Clog: FMD, RAS
28
Q

Intrarenal causes of acute tubular necrosis

A
  • Prolonged ischemia
  • Toxins (drugs, myoglobin, Ig)
  • Contrast induced
29
Q

Intrarenal causes of acute interstitial nephritis

A
  • Allergic (NSAIDs and beta lactams)
  • Infection - pyelo
  • Infiltrative (sarcoid, amyloid)
30
Q

Glomerulonephritis causes

A
  • Glomerular disease
31
Q

Labs to check in acute renal failure? Treatment?

A
  • BUN:Cr Under 20
  • UNa < 10
  • FENa <1%
  • Tx: IVF or Diuresis
32
Q

How is postrenal kidney injury diagnosed? Treatment?

A
  • Ultrasound (Hydroureter and hydronephrosis)
  • Tx: Stent or remove obstruction
33
Q

If you suspect intrarenal acute kidney injury, what labs do you check?

A

Urinalysis, (look for casts) and do a biopsy if youre really really curious

34
Q

Indications for dialysis

A

AEIOU

  • Acidosis
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Ingestion of toxins
  • Overload (CHF, Edema)
  • Uremia (Pericarditis)
35
Q

Contrast induced ATN is prevented by what?

A

Hydration, prophylactic N acetyl cysteine, stopping ACEs, ARBs and duretics

36
Q

Phases of Acute Tubular Necrosis

A
  1. Prodrome: Creatinine rises but urine output remains the same
  2. Oliguric phase: Creatinine rises and urine output plummets
  3. Polyuric phase: Patient pees a lot
37
Q

Treatment of prerenal azotemia

A

IVF if dry, diuresis if wet

38
Q
A

Internal Medicine (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions