Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations-Nephro > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hydronephrosis

A

Unilateral or bilateral edema of the collecting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Indications for renal biopsy

A
  1. Nephrotic syndrome
  2. Acute nephritic syndrome
  3. Unexplained acute renal failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A
  • Abrupt (within 48 hrs) decline in renal filtration function
  • Usually reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute Renal Failure (ARF) criteria

A
  1. Decrease in GFR and UOP (< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for >6 hrs)

2. Increase in urea and Creatinine. (azotemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

End stage renal disease time criteria

A

> 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the MC AKI?

A

Prerenal= 55-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define prerenal AKI

A

Hypoperfusion leading to decrease in renal perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List causes of prerenal AKI

A
  1. Decrease in intravascular volume: Hemorrhage, dehydration, nephrotic syndrome
  2. Change in vascular resistance: Cirrhosis, sepsis, anaphylaxis
  3. Low CO: CHF, PE, tamponade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the BUN/Cr ratio in Prerenal AKI

A

20:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What nephrotoxic drugs do you want to avoid?

A
  1. NSAIDs
  2. ACE-1
  3. Digoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some of the main causes of intrinsic AKI

A
  1. Acute Tubular Necrosis. (ATN)
  2. Interstitial (AIN)
  3. Glomerular (GN)
  4. Vascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the MC cause of intrinsic AKI?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis. (ATN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define ATN

A

Tubular damage due to:

  1. Ischemia: Prolonged hypotension/hypoxemia
  2. Nephrotoxins:
    - Aminoglycosides
    - Ampicillin
    - Vancomycin
    - IV contrast
  3. Sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ATN treatment

A
  1. Avoid volume overload
  2. Avoid Hyperkalemia
  3. Protein restrict
  4. +/- diuretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you want to give to renal protect from radiographic contrast?

A

N-acetylcystine/IVF with bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do you see in the urine in ATN?

A

Muddy brown casts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define interstitial intrinsic AKI

A

Inflammatory response leading to edema and possible tubular cell damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the MC of interstitial intrinsic AKI

A

Nephrotoxic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

UA findings in interstitial intrinsic AKI

A

eosinophiluria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

interstitial intrinsic AKI treatment

A
  1. Steroid

2. +/- dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glomerulonephritis (GN) etiology

A

Immune complex deposition

22
Q

List the causes of glomerulonephritis

A
  1. IgA nephropathy (Berger dz)
  2. Postinfectious strep GN
    MPGN
  3. Goodpastures (anti GBM), 4. Wegeners:Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
23
Q

UA findings in glomerulonephritis

A

RBC casts

24
Q

Glomerulonephritis treatment

A
  1. Steroids

2. Plasma exchange

25
Q

Postrenal AKI causes

A

Obstruction due to:

  1. BPH
  2. Urolithiasis
  3. Bladder dysfunction (anticholinergic drugs)
  4. Bladder CA
26
Q

MC sx in postrenal AKI

A

lower abdominal pain

27
Q

Postrenal Diagnostics

A

Bladder US

28
Q

Postrenal lab findings

A

elevated BUN: Cr ratio

29
Q

Postrenal tx

A
  1. Catheter
  2. Stent
  3. Surgery depending on etiology
30
Q

Define Azotemia

A
  • Nitrogen in the blood

- Occurs when renal function can no longer efficiently clear metabolites

31
Q

What does Azotremia lead to?

A

Uremia

32
Q

What are the markers of nitrogen accumulation?

A
  1. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

2. Cr

33
Q

Where is urea produced? Excreted? How is it monitored?

A

Produced by liver
Excreted by urine
Monitored with BUN

34
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for CKD?

A

GFR

35
Q

CKD lab findings

A
  1. Elevated BUN and Cr
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Microalbuminuria
  4. Abnormal Hgb, Hct, electrolytes, UA
36
Q

CKD treatment

A
  1. ACE-1 or ARBS
  2. Antiplatelet therapy: ASA
  3. Epo, FE
  4. Low protein diet
  5. Fluid restriction
  6. Calcium and Vitamin D supplements
  7. Consider dialysis/transplant
37
Q

ESRD/CKD causes

A
  1. Polycystic kidney disease
  2. DM
  3. Glomerulonephritis
  4. Hypertension
  5. Systemic Lupus
  6. Erythematosus
  7. Nephrolithiasis
38
Q

SLE renal disease presentation

A
  1. Nephritis

2. Proteinuria

39
Q

What is the most common renal stone?

A

Calcium=75-85% (radiopaque)

40
Q

Nephritic syndrome clinical presentation

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. RBC casts
  3. Mild proteinuria
  4. HTN
41
Q

Nephritic syndrome treatment

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Salt/water restriction
  3. Dialysis
42
Q

Nephrotic syndrome etiology

A
  1. Membranous Nephropathy: Immune complexed from infection
  2. Amyloidosis
  3. DM
43
Q

Nephrotic syndrome presentation

A 
APLE
A-hypoAlbuminermia 
P- Proteinuria 
P-hyperLipidemia 
E- Edema
44
Q

What are the 3 major causes of death for dialysis patients?

A
  1. CV dz
  2. Infection (S.aureus)
  3. Dialysis withdrawal
45
Q

Hypercalcemia clinical presentation

A
  1. Bones
  2. Stones
  3. Groans
46
Q

Hypercalcemia treatment

A
  1. Primary hyperparathyroid

2. Malignancies

47
Q

Hypocalcemia signs

A
  1. Trousseau sign: carpal tunnel spasm)

2. Chevostek sign: spasm of facial muscles

48
Q

Hyperphosphatemia cause

A

MC= secondary to CKD

49
Q

What is Hypophosphatemia associated with?

A

EtOH

50
Q

EKG findings in Hypomagnesemia

A

Widening of QRS

51
Q

Type 1 DM clinical presentation

A
  1. Polydipsia
  2. Polyuria
  3. Nocturia
  4. Weight loss
  5. Blurred vision
  6. Pruritus
  7. Weakness
  8. Postural hypotension
  9. Gastroparesis

Foundations-Nephro (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions