Nephro Flashcards
Acute interstitial nephritis
Causes
Causes drugs: the most common cause, particularly antibiotics penicillin rifampicin NSAIDs allopurinol furosemide
systemic disease: SLE, sarcoidosis, and Sjögren’s syndrome
infection: Hanta virus , staphylococci
AKI
Pre-renal
intrinsic
Post-Renal
Pre-renal Examples hypovolaemia secondary to diarrhoea/vomiting renal artery stenosis intrinsic Examples glomerulonephritis acute tubular necrosis (ATN) acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), respectively rhabdomyolysis tumour lysis syndrome
Post-Renal Examples
kidney stone in ureter or bladder
benign prostatic hyperplasia
external compression of the ureter
ADPKD type 1
type 2
Chromosome 16 85%
Chromosome 4
Alport’s syndrome
x-linked Dominant:
Type IV collagen resulting in an abnormal glomerular-basement membrane (GBM)
Chronic kidney disease: causes
Common causes of chronic kidney disease diabetic nephropathy chronic glomerulonephritis chronic pyelonephritis hypertension adult polycystic kidney disease
CKD on haemodialysis - most likely cause of death
Sudden cardiac death is most likely due to VT/VF secondary to IHD.
Chronic pyelonephritis
recurrent infections
features
blunted calyx
corticomedullary scarring with atrophy of tubules
eosinophilic casts in the tubules
Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder
defect in the membrane transport of cystine, ornithine, lysine, arginine (mnemonic = COLA)
chromosome 2: SLC3A1 gene,
chromosome 19: SLC7A9
recurrent renal stones
Diagnosis
cyanide-nitroprusside test
Management
hydration
D-penicillamine
urinary alkalinization
Bladder Cancer
Risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder include:
Smoking
Exposure to aniline dyes in the printing and textile industry: examples are 2-naphthylamine and benzidine
Rubber manufacture
Cyclophosphamide
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include:
Schistosomiasis
Smoking
