nephro

Question 1

Clinical diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 1

Oedema
proteinuria
hypoalbuminaemia
hypercholesterolaemia

Question 2

Nephrotic Syndrome in children

Answer 2

Minimal Change nephrotic syndrom

Question 3

Treatment of minimal Change nephrotic syndrome

Answer 3

Responds well to steroids

Question 4

Features of nephritic syndrome

Answer 4

1. Hypertension
2. Oligouria
3. Haematuria

Question 5

Features of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 5

1. Hypoalbumiaemia
2. hypercholesterolaemia
3. proteinuria >1g

Question 6

Features of nephritic-nephrotic syndrome

Answer 6

Essentially nephrotic Syndrome with Hypertension & haematuria.
Immune complex mediated disease (nephritic component)
Loss of GBM negative Charge (nephrotic Syndrome)
Chronic Antigen exposure, therefore chronic glomerulonephritis

Question 7

True/ False: nehritic-nephrotic Syndrome responds well to steriod treatment

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Define chronic kindney failure

Answer 8

Kidney damage or decreased function

GFR < 60ml/ min for 3 mnths or more

Question 9

Markers of kidney damage

Answer 9

Proteinuria
active Urine Sediment
abnormal blood chemistry
Imaging

Question 10

Give the stages of chronic kidney disease (1-5)

Answer 10

1. Kidney damage >= 90 (GFR)
2. Mild 60-89
3. moderate 30-59
4. Severe 15-29
5. ESRF <15

Question 11

What does ESRF stand for

Answer 11

end stage renal failure

Question 12

Incidence of Chronic kidney failure in RSA

Answer 12

250/Million

increases by 8% pa

Question 13

Causes of chronic kidney failure, categories

Answer 13

Congenital (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease)
Neoplastic (Myeloma amyloid)
Metabolic (DM)
Traumatic
Inflammatory (Reflux nephropathy, glomerulonephritis
Vascular (lupus Nephritis, malignant Hypertension)
Miscellaneous (analgesic nephropathy)

Question 14

Principles of Treatment chronic kidney failure

Answer 14

Depends on stage
Treat underlying disease
Use ACE-I and ARB´s

Question 15

Goals of Treatment for chronic kidney failure

Answer 15

Proteinuria <2ml/min/yr

Question 16

Adjuctive Treatment chronic k f

Answer 16

BP control
Phosphate binders
decrease cholsterol
correct anaemia
restrict dietary Protein
stop Smoking
weight loss

Question 17

Which Imaging techniques are included in the Initial assessment for CKF

Answer 17

Sonar

Nephrotomograms

Question 18

How Long is the haemodialysis Treatment for CKF

Answer 18

12 hours weekly

Question 19

The best Treatment for chronic kindey failure is Transplantation. T/F

Answer 19

true

Question 20

T/F kidney Transplantation is cheaper than haemodialysis

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Who is viable for renal transplants

Answer 21

no severe comorbid diseases
no cancer
reasonable life expectancy
able to tolerate immunosuppression

Question 22

Normal Urine protein

Answer 22

150mg/day

Question 23

Functional causes of proteinuria

Answer 23

exercise, fever, HF, orthostatic

Question 24

Primary glomerular disease

Answer 24

membranous nephropathy
minimal Change disease
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
mesgangiocapillary GN

Question 25

Systemic (secondary) glomerular disease

Answer 25

DM
SLE
Amyloidosis
Pre-eclampsia
Infections
malignancies
drugs

Question 26

Tubular glomerular disease

Answer 26

Tubular injury
impaired reabsorption of Protein
Proteinuria <2g/day