Neoplasms of the Bladder

Question 1

Risk factors for bladder tumours

Answer 1

1. Occupational
   - 2-naphthylamine
   - 4-aminobiphenyl
   - benzidene
2. Non-occupational
   - cigarette smoking
   - schistosomiasis - causes squamous metaplasia
   - cyclophosphamide - used to treat other cancers
   - phenacetin - analgesic

Question 2

Types of bladder tumours

Answer 2

Benign

1. Papilloma
2. Inverted papilloma
3. Nephrogenic adenoma

Malignant

1. Papillary urothelial carcinoma (non-invasive)
2. Invasive urothelial carcinoma
3. Squamous cell carcinoma
4. Adenocarcinoma