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PATHOMA > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

Aflatoxins

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

*Derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored grains

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2
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Leukemia/Lymphomas

*Side effect of chemotherapy

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3
Q

Alcohol

A 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  -oropharynx
  -upper esophagus
Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
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4
Q

Arsenic

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of skin
Lung cancer
Angiosarcoma of liver

*Arsenic is in cigarette smoke

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5
Q

Asbestos

A

Lung carcinoma
Mesothelioma

*Exposure to asbestos is MORE likely to lead to LUNG CANCER than mesothelioma

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6
Q

Cigarette Smoke

A

Carcinoma of:

  • Oropharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Lung
  • Kindey
  • Bladder

*Polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogenic

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7
Q

Nitrosamines

A

Stomach carcinoma (intestinal type)

*Found in Smoked foods

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8
Q

Naphthylamine

A

Urothelial carcinoma of Bladder

*Derived from cigarette smoke

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9
Q

Vinyl Chloride

A

Angiosarcoma of Liver

*Occupational exposure; Used to make Polyvinyl chloride (PVS) for us in pipes

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10
Q

Nickel, Chromium, Beryllium, Silica

A

Lung carcinoma

*Occupational exposure

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11
Q

EBV

A

Nasopharygeal Carcinoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
CNS Lymphoma in AIDS

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12
Q

HHV-8

A

Karposi’s sarcoma

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13
Q

HBV & HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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14
Q

HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

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15
Q

HPV (16,18,31,33)

A 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
  - Vulva
  - Vagina
  - Anus
  - Cervix
Adenocarcinoma of Cervix
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16
Q

Ionizing Radiation

  • Nuclear reactor accidents
  • Radiotherapy
A

AML
CML
Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid

*Generates hydroxyl free radicals

17
Q

Nonionizing Radiation

- UVB sunlight is most common source

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma of Skin

*Formation of Pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease

18
Q

Growth Factor:

-PDGFB (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Astrocytoma

Mechanism:
- Overexpression, Autocrine Loop

19
Q

Growth Factor Receptor:

- ERBB2 [HER2/neu] (Epidermal Growth Factor receptor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Subset of Breast Carcinomas

Mechanism:
- Amplification

20
Q

Growth Factor Receptor:

- RET (neural growth factor receptor)

A

Associated Tumor:

  • MEN 2A
  • MEN 2B
  • Sporadic Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

21
Q

Growth Factor Receptor:

- KIT (stem cell growth factor receptor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

22
Q

Signal Transducers

- RAS gene family (GTP-binding protein)

A

Associated Tumor:

  • 70% of ALL Cancers
  • Carcinomas
  • Melanomas
  • Lymphoma

Mechanism:
- Point Mutation

23
Q

Signal Transducers:

- ABL (tyrosine kinase)

A

Associated Tumor:
- CML (some types of ALL)

Mechanism:
- t(9;22) with BCR

24
Q

Nuclear Regulators:

- c-MYC (transcription factor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Burkitt Lymphoma

Mechanism:
- t(8;14) involving IgH

25
Q

Nuclear Regulators:

- N-MYC (transcription factor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Neuroblastoma

Mechanism:
- Amplification

26
Q

Nuclear Regulators:

- L-MYC (transcription factor)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Lung Carcinoma (Small Cell)

Mechanism:
- Amplification

27
Q

Cell Cycle Regulators:

- CCND1 [Cyclin D1]

A

Associated Tumor:
- Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mechanism:
- t(11;14) involving IgH

28
Q

Cell Cycle Regulators:

- CDK4 (cyclin-dependent kinase)

A

Associated Tumor:
- Melanoma

Mechanism:
- Amplification

29
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Keratin

A

Tissue Type:

- Epithelium (carcinoma)

30
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Vimentin

A

Tissue Type:

- Mesenchyme (sarcoma)

31
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Desmin

A

Tissue Type:

- Muscle

32
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- GFAP

A

Tissue Type:

- Neuroglia

33
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Neurofilament

A

Tissue Type:

- Neurons

34
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- PSA

A

Tissue Type:

- Prostatic epithelium

35
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- ER

A

Tissue Type:

- Breast epithelium

36
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Thyroglobulin

A

Tissue Type:

- Thyroid Follicular cells

37
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- Chromogranin (High Yield)

A

Tissue Type:

  • Neuroendocrine cells
  • e.g., Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung & Carcinoid tumors
38
Q

Immunohistochemical Stain:

- S-100

A

Tissue Type:

- Melanoma

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