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POD Exam 3 > Neoplasm Terminology > Flashcards

Neoplasm Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

ABNORMAL collection of new cells from genetic changes that enabled AUTONOMOUS/UNREGULATED proliferation

MONOCLONAL

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2
Q

What is the hallmark of malignancy?

A

Metastasis

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3
Q

Parenchyma

A

neoplastic cells

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4
Q

Stroma

A

CT and BV

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5
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Collagenous stroma

walls off tumor

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6
Q

Scirrhous desmoplasia

A

dense, tumor is rock hard

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7
Q

Sarcoma (malignant) - exceptions

Rhabdo/Lipo myoma vs sarcoma

A

Myoma - benign
sarcoma - malignant

rhabdo - skeletal m
lipo - fat cells

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8
Q

Lymphoma (malignant, ONE PLACE) - exceptions

Leukemia

vs

Plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma

A

Leukemia: malignant - wbc FLOATING - Not clustered in one sp place

Plasmacytoma: malignant - plasma cell. ONE PLACE

Multiple myeloma: maligant - plasma cell. MULTIPLE PLACES

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9
Q

Melanoma

A

NO BENIGN melanoma

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10
Q

Nevus

A

benign proliferation of melanocytes

“moles”

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11
Q

Glioma - MALIGNANT - exceptions

Glio blastoma
Oligodendroglioma
Meningioma

A

Glioblastoma - MALIGNANT - astorcytes

Oligodendroglioma - MALIGNANT

Meningioma - BENIGN! (so not an exception) - but few subtypes are malignant

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12
Q

Other -omas that are actually malignant

A 
Mesothelioma
Hepatoma
Seminoma: testes
Dysgerminoma: ovarian 
Carcinoma: epithelial
Choriocarcinoma: placental
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13
Q

A true papillary structure has what?

A

a central blood vessel

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14
Q

what are keratin pearls?

A

Keratin seen deep in tissue (squamous cell carcinoma)

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15
Q

What is Mixed tumor?

A

Single clone with different lines of differentiation

two different looks

benign or malignant

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16
Q

Example of Mixed Tumor of Salivary Gland

A

Pleomorphic Adenoma

squamous, adeno (glandular) components, and cartilage

-oma so usually indolent!

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17
Q

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

A

malignant (otherwise benign pleomorphic adenoma)

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18
Q

Carcinosarcoma or Malignant mixed mullerian tumor

A

Uterine tumor

both malignant glands and stroma

carcinoma and sarcoma

19
Q

Histology of mixed tumor

A

Neoplastic: genetically abnormal, clonal proliferation (parenchyma)

Desmoplasia and stroma: reacting to the neoplasm
- are genetically NORMAL

20
Q

Teratoma

A

greater than 1 germ cell layer, from totipotent cell

  • ovary/testicles usually, but can be ANYWHERE MIDLINE
21
Q

Immature teratoma

A

malignant

22
Q

Mature cystic teratoma

A

desmoid cyst

  • common tumor of ovary
  • typically lined with skin and skin appendages
  • may have teeth, hair, etc
23
Q

Hemartoma

A

right cells, right place, WRONG arrangement

Benign, clonal proliferation

24
Q

Choristoma

A

heterotopic rest

WRONG cells, WRONG place, RIGHT arrangement

normal cells got lost during development

Gastric heterotopia of the esophagus - perfectly normal stomach cells, somewhere in mid-esophagus

25
Q

Differentiation

A

Grade

26
Q

Lack of differentiation

A

Anaplasia

27
Q

Anaplasia

A
  • Pleomorphism
  • abnormal nuclear features
  • mitosis
  • loss of polarity
  • tumor giant cells
  • necrosis
28
Q

well differentiated tumor is what grade

A

low grade

29
Q

Tumor differentiation: benign vs malignant

A

benign: well differentiated
malignant: some loss of differentation

30
Q

Metaplasia vs Dysplasia

A

metaplasia - not a neoplastic change. normal cell type, just different
dysplasia - neoplastic replacement / disordered growth

31
Q

Features of dysplasia

A
  • pleomorphism
  • loss of polarity
  • mitotic figures inc/abnorm
  • march to cancer has begun! can be irreversible
32
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

sever dysplasia

marked pleomorphism

FULL THICKNESS CHANGE in the EPITHELIUM

NO INVASION of Basement Membrane

33
Q

What causes a lesion to be classified as invasive?

A

breach of the basement membrane

34
Q

Tumor stage

A

where is the tumor?

35
Q

Most important part of TNM system (pathologic stage)

A

M: metastasis

36
Q

Tumor rate of growth is

A

exponential

  • one cell must double 30X to make 1 g of tissue
  • then double only 10x to make 1 kg
37
Q

Rate of growth is limited by

A
  1. doubling time
  2. Growth fraction (cells actively dividing)
  3. Rate of death/shedding
38
Q

what type of cells does chemotherapy target?

A

proliferating cells

39
Q

Rate of growth correlates with what?

A

level of differentiation

40
Q

well-differentiated tumors grow slow/faster than poorly diferentiated?

A

Well-differentiated - slower

41
Q

Growth rate is influenced by

A

hormone

blood supply

42
Q

effect of hormone on leiomyoma of the utereus for menopause vs pregnancy

A

Menopause: shrinks
Pregnancy: rapid growth

43
Q

cancer stem cells can arise from

A

normal tissue stem cell

more differentiated cells acquire self-renewal capability

44
Q

Tumor metabolic effect

A

Warburg effect

lack O2 dependent ATP generation and rely on aerobic glycolysis

“glucose hunger” regardless of O2 levels

Cell culture experiments

advantage to cancer cells –> inablitiy to clear kreb cycle intermediates: used for catabolic building: tumor even bigger

use PET scan to measure increased uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose by tumor

POD Exam 3 (6 decks)

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