Neoplasm Terminology Flashcards by anu pokharel

Neoplasm

ABNORMAL collection of new cells from genetic changes that enabled AUTONOMOUS/UNREGULATED proliferation

MONOCLONAL

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What is the hallmark of malignancy?

Metastasis

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Parenchyma

neoplastic cells

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Stroma

CT and BV

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Desmoplasia

Collagenous stroma

walls off tumor

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Scirrhous desmoplasia

dense, tumor is rock hard

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Sarcoma (malignant) - exceptions

Rhabdo/Lipo myoma vs sarcoma

Myoma - benign
sarcoma - malignant

rhabdo - skeletal m
lipo - fat cells

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Lymphoma (malignant, ONE PLACE) - exceptions

Leukemia

Plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma

Leukemia: malignant - wbc FLOATING - Not clustered in one sp place

Plasmacytoma: malignant - plasma cell. ONE PLACE

Multiple myeloma: maligant - plasma cell. MULTIPLE PLACES

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Melanoma

NO BENIGN melanoma

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Nevus

benign proliferation of melanocytes

“moles”

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Glioma - MALIGNANT - exceptions

Glio blastoma
Oligodendroglioma
Meningioma

Glioblastoma - MALIGNANT - astorcytes

Oligodendroglioma - MALIGNANT

Meningioma - BENIGN! (so not an exception) - but few subtypes are malignant

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Other -omas that are actually malignant

Mesothelioma
Hepatoma
Seminoma: testes
Dysgerminoma: ovarian 
Carcinoma: epithelial
Choriocarcinoma: placental

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A true papillary structure has what?

a central blood vessel

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what are keratin pearls?

Keratin seen deep in tissue (squamous cell carcinoma)

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What is Mixed tumor?

Single clone with different lines of differentiation

two different looks

benign or malignant

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Example of Mixed Tumor of Salivary Gland

Pleomorphic Adenoma

squamous, adeno (glandular) components, and cartilage

-oma so usually indolent!

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Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

malignant (otherwise benign pleomorphic adenoma)

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Carcinosarcoma or Malignant mixed mullerian tumor

Uterine tumor

both malignant glands and stroma

carcinoma and sarcoma

Histology of mixed tumor

Neoplastic: genetically abnormal, clonal proliferation (parenchyma)

Desmoplasia and stroma: reacting to the neoplasm
- are genetically NORMAL

Teratoma

greater than 1 germ cell layer, from totipotent cell

ovary/testicles usually, but can be ANYWHERE MIDLINE

Immature teratoma

malignant

Mature cystic teratoma

desmoid cyst

common tumor of ovary
typically lined with skin and skin appendages
may have teeth, hair, etc

Hemartoma

right cells, right place, WRONG arrangement

Benign, clonal proliferation

Choristoma

heterotopic rest

WRONG cells, WRONG place, RIGHT arrangement

normal cells got lost during development

Gastric heterotopia of the esophagus - perfectly normal stomach cells, somewhere in mid-esophagus

Differentiation

Grade

Lack of differentiation

Anaplasia

- Pleomorphism - abnormal nuclear features - mitosis - loss of polarity - tumor giant cells - necrosis

well differentiated tumor is what grade

low grade

Tumor differentiation: benign vs malignant

benign: well differentiated malignant: some loss of differentation

Metaplasia vs Dysplasia

metaplasia - not a neoplastic change. normal cell type, just different dysplasia - neoplastic replacement / disordered growth

Features of dysplasia

- pleomorphism - loss of polarity - mitotic figures inc/abnorm - march to cancer has begun! can be irreversible

Carcinoma in situ

sever dysplasia marked pleomorphism FULL THICKNESS CHANGE in the EPITHELIUM NO INVASION of Basement Membrane

What causes a lesion to be classified as invasive?

breach of the basement membrane

Tumor stage

where is the tumor?

Most important part of TNM system (pathologic stage)

M: metastasis

Tumor rate of growth is

exponential - one cell must double 30X to make 1 g of tissue - then double only 10x to make 1 kg

Rate of growth is limited by

1. doubling time 2. Growth fraction (cells actively dividing) 3. Rate of death/shedding

what type of cells does chemotherapy target?

proliferating cells

Rate of growth correlates with what?

level of differentiation

well-differentiated tumors grow slow/faster than poorly diferentiated?

Well-differentiated - slower

Growth rate is influenced by

hormone | blood supply

effect of hormone on leiomyoma of the utereus for menopause vs pregnancy

Menopause: shrinks Pregnancy: rapid growth

cancer stem cells can arise from

normal tissue stem cell more differentiated cells acquire self-renewal capability

Tumor metabolic effect

Warburg effect lack O2 dependent ATP generation and rely on aerobic glycolysis "glucose hunger" regardless of O2 levels Cell culture experiments advantage to cancer cells --> inablitiy to clear kreb cycle intermediates: used for catabolic building: tumor even bigger use PET scan to measure increased uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose by tumor