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Pathology neoplasms > neoplasm I > Flashcards

neoplasm I Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasma

A

-An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the
normal tissue and persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation of the stimuli which
evoked the change. (Willis)
-autonomous growth: go by themself
-altered architecture, irreversible

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2
Q

tumor

A

swelling, neoplasm

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3
Q

oncology

A

scientific study of neoplasm

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4
Q

cancer

A

specific for a malignant neoplasm

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5
Q

characteristic features of neoplasm

A

-new growth of cells: from existing tissue
-cell proliferation without control
-serves no useful function
-lacks organization and arrangement
-continues to grow after evoking stimulus is
removed

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6
Q

hyperplasia

A

in normal arrangement
-reversible; proliferation ceases when evoking stimulus is
removed

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7
Q

metaplasia

A

-replacement of one fully differentiated cell type by another fully differentiated cell type
*reversible; proliferation ceases when evoking stimulus
is removed

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8
Q

benign cells

A

more organized than malignant

-1 kind of cell

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9
Q

dysplasia

A

-pathologic alteration in cell size, shape, and organization
-occurs primarily within the epithelium, but does not involve
the entire thickness of this layer
-may be reversible with removal of evoking stimulus
-loss of cellular uniformity, architectural organization

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10
Q

carcinoma in situ

A
  • marked dysplastic change involving the entire thickness of the epithelium
  • cells have completely replaced normal tissue, not invaded yet
  • very early cancer
  • pre-invasive malignant neoplasm
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11
Q

benign neoplasm

A
  1. autonomous growth, irreversible
  2. altered, but regular architecture
  3. monomorphic cells
  4. delimited from surrounding tissue by basement membrane, capsule, etc. – i.e., NOT invasive
    - does not become malignant
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12
Q

Malignant neoplasm (cancer)

A
  1. autonomous growth, irreversible
  2. irregular architecture
  3. pleomorphism, anaplasia: look different, increased nucleus
  4. invasive, capable of metastasis
    - very damaged cells
    - unstable, continue to change
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13
Q

all neoplasms are

A

clonal proliferation

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14
Q

exceptions in neoplasm clonal proliferation

A
  • teratoma

- mixed cell neoplasm

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15
Q

Teratoma

A

-parenchyma composed of multiple tissues (epithelial
and mesenchymal) derived from multiple embryonic
germ cell layers
-arise from totipotential cells

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16
Q

mixed cell neoplasm

A

-parenchyma is composed of epithelial and
mesenchymal cells
-derived from a single embryonic germ cell layer

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17
Q

behavioral characteristics: Benign

A

-well delimited: often encapsulated by fibrous connective
tissue
-well differentiated: better differentiated than malignant
neoplasms in terms of
*cell morphology
*tissue architecture
-function
-do not metastasize
-slowly and expansively growing
-do not recur following surgical excision

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18
Q

behavioral characteristics: Malignant

A

-locally invasive, destructive, progressive
-usually less differentiated than benign neoplasms
-may metastasize
-rapidly growing: grow more rapidly than most benign
neoplasms
-rate of growth generally correlates with the degree of
differentiation
-well differentiated neoplasms tend to grow slowly
-poorly differentiated neoplasms tend to grow rapidly
-may recur following surgical excision

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19
Q

biggest problem with benign tumors?

A

over growth, get big and can compress things

-in brain: bad thing

20
Q

difference in margins of benign versus malignant

A

benign: regular, well tolerated
malignant: irregular

21
Q

difference in metastasis of benign versus malignant

A

benign: NO
malignant: yes

22
Q

difference in growth ratess of benign versus malignant

A

B: slow
M: fast

23
Q

difference in recurrence after excision of benign versus malignant

A

B: No
M: yes

24
Q

components of neoplasms

A

parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells
stroma: supporting tissue

25
Q

parenchyma in a neoplasm

A
  • cell of origin
  • determines the biological behavior of the tumor
  • neoplasms named based on their parenchymal cell type
26
Q

stroma in a neoplasm

A

-composed of connective tissue, blood vessels +/-
lymphatics
-stimulation of surrounding stroma: desmoplasia
-grossly firm consistency (scirrhous)
-scirrhous: adjective for breast or colon cancer

27
Q

tissues of origin

A
  • Mesenchymal cells (Mesoderm)
  • synovium, mesothelium, meninges
  • muscle
  • endothelial cells & related tissue (blood vessels)
  • blood cells & related cells
  • epithelial cells
28
Q

tissue of origin: mesoderm

A
  • connective tissue & derivatives (mesoderm):
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • bone, cartilage
29
Q

tissue of origin: epithelial cells (ectoderm, endoderm)

A
  • skin
  • gastrointestinalepithelium
  • glands / ducts
  • respiratory, renal tubular, and transitional epithelium
  • neuroectoderm
  • hepatocytes
  • placenta (trophoblasts)
30
Q

nomenclature of benign neoplasms

A

-mesenchymal
cell of origin + “-oma”
-epithelial (glandular)
cell of origin / structure + “adenoma”

31
Q

patterns for benign neoplasms

A
  • Spherical masses in solid tissues
  • Papillomas – epithelia
  • Polyps – epithelia surrounding lumina (GI, ducts)
32
Q

nomenclature of malignant neoplasms

A 
-mesenchymal
cell of origin + “-sarcoma”
-epithelial (non-glandular)
cell of origin / structure + “carcinoma”
-epithelial (glandular)
cell of origin / structure + “adenocarcinoma”
33
Q

non-neoplasms

A
  • Choristoma: outside tissue, GI tissue outside of GI
  • Hamartoma: lung tissue, liver tissue, in normal tissue
  • tissues are not neoplasmic,
34
Q

exception for neoplasm nomenclature

A
  • Melanoma: malignant skin tumor
  • Seminoma: benign tumor of testicles
  • Lymphoma:
  • Hepatoma: tumor of liver
35
Q

microscopic features of benign

A

well differentiation

homogenous

36
Q

microscopic features of malignant

A

un or poorly differentiated
anaplasia
pleomorphism

37
Q

anaplasia

A

1.Cellular pleomorphism
2.Abnormal architecture – loss of polarity,
differentiated features
3. Nuclear features
4. Cytoplasmic features

38
Q

nuclear features of anaplasia

A
  • hyperchromasia
  • increased nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
  • increased, enlarged nucleoli
  • increased, bizarre, mitotic figures
39
Q

cytoplasmic features of anaplasia

A

-basophilia

40
Q

the rate of a neoplasm

A

-In general, the rate of growth of a neoplasm correlates with the degree of differentiation: less differentiated neoplasms tend to grow more rapidly than well differentiated neoplasms.

41
Q

is a benign neoplasm local invasion or expansive?

A

-expansive (non-infiltrative) growth
-well demarcated from the surrounding tissue
-capsule formation: compressed connective tissue
(stroma of parent tissue) accumulates as surrounding
tissue atrophies from pressure of expanding mass

42
Q

is a malignant neoplasm local invasion or expansive?

A
  • infiltrative growth, with destruction of the surrounding tissue
  • poorly demarcated from the surrounding tissue
  • +/- capsule formation, often with partial encapsulation
43
Q

what are the two criteria for differentiating benign versus malignant

A

-Metastasis and local invasion are the two most reliable criteria for differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms

44
Q

what does carcinoma in situ

A

-display the cytologicfeatures of malignancy without invasion of the basement membrane.

45
Q

routes of metastasis

A
  1. lymphatics
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Seeding of body cavity
46
Q

hematogenous metastasis

A
  • Principle (sole) route for sarcomas
    - Metastasis to liver, lungs, brain
  • Secondary route for carcinomas
47
Q

what is the principal/initial route for metastasis?

A

lymphatics

Pathology neoplasms (3 decks)

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