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Basic Pathology > Neoplasm Exam > Flashcards

Neoplasm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define Metastasis

A

movement of neoplastic cells via the blood, lymphatic or by transplantation to a site more or less remote from the site of origin.

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2
Q

What type of neoplasm does not display metastasis?

A

benign tumors, malignant neoplasms do.

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3
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin

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4
Q

oma

A

benign neoplasm of either mesenchymal or epithelial origin

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5
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin

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6
Q

epithelial neoplasms are derived from which embryonic line?

A

all: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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7
Q

mesenchymal neoplasm are derived from which embryonic line?

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

adenoma

A

benign epithelial neoplasm of glandular origin

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9
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant epithelial neoplasm of glandular origin

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10
Q

polyp

A

benign epithelial tumor arising from mucosal surface, most common in intestine, outward growth

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11
Q

papilloma

A

benign epithelial tumor arising from cutaneous or mucocutaneous junction, outward growth

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12
Q

Why is lymphoma a “rule breaker”

A

malignant tumor of the lymphocytes

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13
Q

why is rhabdomyoma a “rule breaker”

A

benign tumor of striated muscle

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14
Q

what is a teratoma?

A

benign tumor that involves all 3 germ cell layers

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15
Q

Why is a mast cell tumor a “rule breaker”

A

mast cell tumor implies both benign and malignant

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16
Q

What is leukemia?

A

neoplastic cells with bone marrow origin that circulate through the vasculature

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17
Q

what is a multiple myeloma?

A

malignant plasma cell tumor

18
Q

mixed tumors have both:

A

mesenchymal and epithelial cells

19
Q

The parenchyma is composed of

A

neoplastic cells

20
Q

the stroma helps the tumor to achieve what?

A

providing nutrients to the tumor and it will facilitate growth.

21
Q

What are the 4 components to the tumor stroma?

A
  1. extracellular matrix- proteins and glycoproteins
  2. fibroblasts- synthesize collagen and ECM components
  3. vasculature
  4. inflammatory cells
22
Q

Name two pro-angiogenic factors

A

FGF (fibroblast growth factor)
VEGF ( vascular endothelial growth factor)

23
Q

Name one anti-angiogenic factor

A

thrombospondin

24
Q

what is lymphangiogenesis?

A

sprouts small lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatics from VEGF

25
Q

define anaplastic

A

distinct cellular atypia and includes giant cells, multiple nuclei, condensed chromatin. Hallmark of malignancy

26
Q

Name the features of malignancy

A

pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology, high mitotic index, loss of polarity of cells along basement membrane and necrosis.

27
Q

define pleomorphism

A

variation and shape of neoplastic cells and nuclei

28
Q

What oncoprotein commonly regulates the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

p53

29
Q

What gene produces the p53 oncoprotein?

A

TP53

30
Q

What happens if p53 loses function in cells?

A

uncontrolled proliferation.

31
Q

At what point is a mass clinically detectable?

A

10^9 cells and 1 cm in diameter or when it is a size of the cheerio

32
Q

How many rounds of cellular division must occur for a single tumor cell to measure 1 cm in diameter?

A

30 rounds

33
Q

How many cell cycles of replication does it take for a mass to grow from 1g to 1 kg.

A

10 cycles

34
Q

How is differentiation related to proliferation?

A

more differentiation = less proliferation

35
Q

What is the target of cancer mutations?

A

regulatory genes

36
Q

Describe the change of genes/route involved in mammary carcinoma

A

HER family activation HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase

37
Q

Describe the receptor impacted to produce glioblastoma

A

PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase

38
Q

Name the protein produced from the APC gene and the function

A

adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Inhibits mitogenic signaling via WNT pathways

39
Q

Name the protein produced from CDH1 gene and the function

A

E. cadherin. Maintains cell adhesion and inhibit cell motility, invasion, metastasis

40
Q

Name the protein produced from RB gene and the function

A

retinoblastoma (RB) protein. Inhibit cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition site

41
Q

What protein is the “guardian of the genome” and how did it earn this title?

A

p53 protein. It monitors cell stress and undergo cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis or increase cell catabolism.

42
Q

What is a NAG lesion

A

neoplasm, abscess, granuloma

Basic Pathology (1 decks)

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