Neoplasias Flashcards
What is myeloma?
Cancer of the plasma cells found in the bone marrow
What is multiple myeloma?
Cancer of the plasma cells found in many places around the body
What irregular protein can be found in the blood in myeloma patients?
Bence Jones protein
Give 5 presenting symptoms of myeloma
Recurrent chest infections Abnormal bleeding Bruising Breathlessness (anaemia) Fatigue (anaemia) Bone pain Swollen ankles (renal dysfunction) Low energy fractures
What may be found on blood results in myeloma patients?
High calcium
Low WBCs
Low RBCs
Low platelets
What test is used to stage myeloma?
Beta 2 microglobulin
and albumin
In what ways can myeloma be treated?
Chemotherapy
Steroids
Biological therapy
What is acute myeloid leukaemia?
A cancer which starts in the granulocytes or monocytes in the bone marrow.
Give 3 risk factors for acute myeloid leukaemia
Smoking Obesity Alcohol in pregnancy Radiation exposure Genetics Autoimmune conditions like RA and UC
Name 4 symptoms of acute myeloid leukaemia
Weakness Fatigue Fever Frequent infections Bruising Bleeding Weight loss Bone pain Breathlessness Lymphadenopathy Pallor
What is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
A cancer which starts in the lymphocytes in the bone marrow. More common in younger people
Name 4 symptoms of acute lymphoblastic anemia
Weakness Fatigue Fever Frequent infections Bruising Bleeding Weight loss Bone pain Feeling of fullness in abdomen Lymphadenopathy Pallor
What is Hodgkin lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymphocytes and lymphatic system. Cancerous cells include Reed Sternberg cells which are cancerous B lymphocytes
Give 3 symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma
Painless swellings in the neck Heavy night sweats Fever Weight loss Itching Cough or shortness of breath Abdominal pain
What is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
A cancer of the lymphatic system but there are no Reed Sternberg cells present.
What is the definition of a primary bone tumour?
Cancers which originate from cells found in bone
Give 5 risk factors for developing a primary bone cancer
Young age Previous radiotherapy Previous chemotherapy Childhood cancer Paget's disease Genetics Family history Taller than average Heavy birth weight Born with a hernia
Give 3 symptoms of a primary bone cancer
Bone pain worse at night Swelling Problems with mobility Fatigue Fever Regular fractures Weight loss
What is osteosarcoma?
Most common type of primary bone cancer
Cancer of the osteocytes
What is a chondrosarcoma?
Cancer of the bone cartilage so the tumours can grow inside the bone or on the bone surface
What are the 3 main types of primary bone cancers?
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
What blood test may indicate Ewing’s sarcoma?
High lactate dehydrogenase
What blood test may indicate osteosarcoma?
ALP
What staging tool can be used to stage primary bone tumours?
Enneking Stages
Uses spread of the cancer and the grade of the cells
What is a secondary bone cancer?
A cancer which has spread from another area of the body to the bones
Which cancers commonly spread to bone?
Prostate Breast Lung Kidney Thyroid
Give 4 symptoms of a secondary bone cancer
Continuous gnawing pain Backache Recurrent fractures Confusion Vomiting Abdominal pain Constipation
Give 2 complications of secondary bone tumours
Hypercalcaemia
Spinal cord compression
What is a soft tissue sarcoma?
Cancers of the soft tissue in the body. They are all rare and occur in the elderly.
What is a liposarcoma?
Cancer of fatty tissue
What is a leiomyosarcoma?
Cancer of smooth muscle cells
What is a fibroblastic sarcoma?
Cancer of fibrous tissue cells like histiocytes or fibrocytes
What is a rhabdomyosarcoma?
Cancer of striated skeletal muscle
What is a synovial sarcoma?
Cancer of synovial cells
What is a vascular sarcoma?
Cancer of the walls of blood vessels or lymphatic vessesl
What is a Kaposi’s sarcoma?
Cancer of the endothelial cells in internal organs
