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Phase 2- MSK > Neoplasias > Flashcards

Neoplasias Flashcards

1
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Cancer of the plasma cells found in the bone marrow

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2
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Cancer of the plasma cells found in many places around the body

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3
Q

What irregular protein can be found in the blood in myeloma patients?

A

Bence Jones protein

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4
Q

Give 5 presenting symptoms of myeloma

A 
Recurrent chest infections 
Abnormal bleeding 
Bruising 
Breathlessness (anaemia)
Fatigue (anaemia)
Bone pain 
Swollen ankles (renal dysfunction) 
Low energy fractures
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5
Q

What may be found on blood results in myeloma patients?

A

High calcium
Low WBCs
Low RBCs
Low platelets

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6
Q

What test is used to stage myeloma?

A

Beta 2 microglobulin

and albumin

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7
Q

In what ways can myeloma be treated?

A

Chemotherapy
Steroids
Biological therapy

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8
Q

What is acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

A cancer which starts in the granulocytes or monocytes in the bone marrow.

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9
Q

Give 3 risk factors for acute myeloid leukaemia

A 
Smoking 
Obesity 
Alcohol in pregnancy 
Radiation exposure 
Genetics
Autoimmune conditions like RA and UC
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10
Q

Name 4 symptoms of acute myeloid leukaemia

A 
Weakness
Fatigue 
Fever
Frequent infections
Bruising 
Bleeding 
Weight loss
Bone pain 
Breathlessness
Lymphadenopathy 
Pallor
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11
Q

What is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A

A cancer which starts in the lymphocytes in the bone marrow. More common in younger people

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12
Q

Name 4 symptoms of acute lymphoblastic anemia

A 
Weakness
Fatigue 
Fever
Frequent infections
Bruising 
Bleeding 
Weight loss
Bone pain 
Feeling of fullness in abdomen 
Lymphadenopathy 
Pallor
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13
Q

What is Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphocytes and lymphatic system. Cancerous cells include Reed Sternberg cells which are cancerous B lymphocytes

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14
Q

Give 3 symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma

A 
Painless swellings in the neck 
Heavy night sweats
Fever
Weight loss
Itching 
Cough or shortness of breath 
Abdominal pain
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15
Q

What is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

A cancer of the lymphatic system but there are no Reed Sternberg cells present.

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16
Q

What is the definition of a primary bone tumour?

A

Cancers which originate from cells found in bone

17
Q

Give 5 risk factors for developing a primary bone cancer

A 
Young age
Previous radiotherapy 
Previous chemotherapy 
Childhood cancer
Paget's disease
Genetics
Family history 
Taller than average 
Heavy birth weight 
Born with a hernia
18
Q

Give 3 symptoms of a primary bone cancer

A 
Bone pain worse at night 
Swelling 
Problems with mobility 
Fatigue 
Fever
Regular fractures
Weight loss
19
Q

What is osteosarcoma?

A

Most common type of primary bone cancer

Cancer of the osteocytes

20
Q

What is a chondrosarcoma?

A

Cancer of the bone cartilage so the tumours can grow inside the bone or on the bone surface

21
Q

What are the 3 main types of primary bone cancers?

A

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma

22
Q

What blood test may indicate Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

High lactate dehydrogenase

23
Q

What blood test may indicate osteosarcoma?

A

ALP

24
Q

What staging tool can be used to stage primary bone tumours?

A

Enneking Stages

Uses spread of the cancer and the grade of the cells

25
Q

What is a secondary bone cancer?

A

A cancer which has spread from another area of the body to the bones

26
Q

Which cancers commonly spread to bone?

A 
Prostate
Breast 
Lung 
Kidney 
Thyroid
27
Q

Give 4 symptoms of a secondary bone cancer

A 
Continuous gnawing pain 
Backache
Recurrent fractures
Confusion 
Vomiting 
Abdominal pain 
Constipation
28
Q

Give 2 complications of secondary bone tumours

A

Hypercalcaemia

Spinal cord compression

29
Q

What is a soft tissue sarcoma?

A

Cancers of the soft tissue in the body. They are all rare and occur in the elderly.

30
Q

What is a liposarcoma?

A

Cancer of fatty tissue

31
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma?

A

Cancer of smooth muscle cells

32
Q

What is a fibroblastic sarcoma?

A

Cancer of fibrous tissue cells like histiocytes or fibrocytes

33
Q

What is a rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Cancer of striated skeletal muscle

34
Q

What is a synovial sarcoma?

A

Cancer of synovial cells

35
Q

What is a vascular sarcoma?

A

Cancer of the walls of blood vessels or lymphatic vessesl

36
Q

What is a Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Cancer of the endothelial cells in internal organs

Phase 2- MSK (7 decks)

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