Neoplasia Terms Flashcards by michael perna

A benign tumor arising from glandular cells

Adenoma

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A benign tumor arising from smooth muscle cells

Leimyoma

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A benign tumor arising from chondrocytes

Chrondroma

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A benign tumor with finger like projections

Papilloma

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A benign tumor that projects upward, forming a lump

Polyp

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A benign tumor with hollow spaces (cysts) inside

Cystadenoma

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This category of malignant tumor arises in epithelial tissue

Carcinoma

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This category of malignant tumor arises in mesenchymal tissue

Sarcomas

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This is a malignant tumor of glandular cells

Adenocarcinoma

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This is a malignant tumor of squamous cells

Squamous cell carcinoma

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This is a malignant tumor of chondrocytes

Chondrosarcoma

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This is a malignant tumor of blood vessels

Angiosarcoma

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This is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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These are malignant tumors that sound benign

Lymphoma
Mesothelioma
Melanoma
Seminoma

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These are non-tumors that sounds like tumors

Hamartoma

Choristoma

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This is a non-tumor that is a mass of disorganized indigenous tissue

Hamartoma

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This is a non-tumor that is a heterotopic rest of cells

Choristoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for fibrous tissue

Fibroma

Fibrosarcoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for fat

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for cartilage

Chrondroma

Chondrosarcoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for bone

Osteoma

Osteogenic Sarcoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for blood vessels

Hemangioma

Angiosarcoma

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Benign and malignant tumors for mesothelium

None!

Mesothelioma

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Benign and malignant tumors for hematopoietic cells

None!

Leukemia

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Benign and malignant tumors for lymphoid cells

None! | Lymphoma

Benign and malignant tumors for squamous epithelium

Squamous cell papilloma | Squamous cell carcinoma

Benign and malignant tumors for glandular epithelium

Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma Papilloma, papillary adenocarcinoma Cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma

Benign and malignant tumors for smooth muscle

Leiomyoma | Leiomyosarcoma

Benign and malignant tumors for skeletal muscle

Rhabdomyoma | Rhabdomyosarcoma

Benign and malignant tumors for melanocytes

Nevus, melanoma

This tumor characteristic is how much the tumor cells resemble their cells of origin

Differentiation Well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated

Which types of tumors are usually well differentiated? This type can show any level of differentation

Benign tumors Malignant tumors

This characteristic of tumors is a state of complete undifferentiation, really just means very poorly differentiated

Anaplasia

Anaplasia almost always signifies what type of tumor?

Malignant

This term is used to describe disorderly changes in non-neoplastic epithelial cells

Dysplasia Mild-moderate is usually reverisble Severe usually progresses to carcinoma in situ

The three ways tumor metastasize

Seeding Lymphatic Spread Hematogenous Spread

This method of metastasis involves a tumor invading a body cavity, and bits breaking off and implanting on peritoneal surfaces

Seeding (Ovarian Cancer)

In this method of metastasis, the tumor spreadds to local lymph nodes What type of lymph node does it start at? It moves through what vessels? This is how which types of malignant tumors spread?

Lymphatic Spread Sentinel Thoracic duct into subclavian vein Carcinomas (breast)

This method of metastasis usually involves veins (moreso than arteries because veins are easier to invade), and has livers and lungs as the most common destinations What type of malignant tumors spread this way?

Hematogenous Sarcomas (also carcinomas

What is the deadliest cancer in both men and women?

Lung cancer

Most _____ cancers are caused by environmental factors

Sporadic

Sunlight causes... Smoking causes... Alcohol causes...(2) HPV causes...

Skin cancer Lung cancer Alcohol and breast cancer Cervical carcinoma

Asbestos is commonly found in _____ and ____ and causes _____

roofing, tiles Mesothelioma

Benzene is commonly found in _____ and _____ and causes

Light oil, solvents | Leukemia

Beryllium is commonly found is _______ and causes

Missile Fuel | Lung Cancer

Ethylene oxide is found in ____ and _____ and causes

Ripening Agents, fumigrants | Leukemia

Radon is found in ______ and ______ and causes

Uranium decay, mines | Lung Cancer

Vinyl Chloride is found in ___ and causes ___ and ____

Refrigerants Angiosarcoma and Liver Cancer

Nickel is found in ___ and ____ and causes _____ and _____

Welding, ceramics Nose and Liver Cancer

Cadmium is found in _____ and causes ____

Batteries | Prostate Cancer

These are the most common hereditary sporadic cancers, and they have familial forms too. They occur earlier and are often deadlier

Familial Cancers (breast, colon, ovary, brain)

This category of hereditary cancer is recessively inherited, and involves xeroderma pigmentosum

Syndromes of defective DNA repair

These neoplasias involve persistent regenerative cell replication, with hyperplastic and dysplastic proliferations

Acquired preneoplastic syndromes

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be made by the cell itself

Growth Factors

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be overexpressed or always on These also may always be on

Receptors Signal-transducing proteins

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may always be expressed

Nuclear Transcription Factors

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be overactive

Cyclins

This is an example of a signal transduction protein that is always on when mutated, causing constant cell differentiation

RAS Gene

These are the genes that act as breaks on the cell cycle, when mutated, they cause insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals Have to lose BOTH copies of the gene to cause tumors

Tumor-suppressor genes

This is an example of a tumor suppressor gene, it stops cells at the G1 checkpoint. The mutated form is inactive

RB gene

Patients with two mutant RB genes (insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals) have increased risk of...

Retinoblastoma and other tumors (sarcoma)

This is a gene that when damaged causes insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, it is nicknamed the guardian of the genome. Its role is to pause in the cell cycle so DNA can be repaired, if irreparable, it causes the cell to die

p53 (most human tumors have p53 mutations!)

Neoplasias involve Fas (the death receptor), executioner caspases (cut DNA), BCL2 protein family, p53, when these are mutated it causes evasion of..

Apoptosis

In normal human cells, there are only 60-70 doublings. Telomeres keep getting shorter, leading to cell cycle arrest via p53 and RB. Stem cells and cancer cells use telomerase to maintain telomere length and keep replicating.

Limitless Replication

Tumor cells need blood to grow, and they eventually learn how to stimulate _____ using cytokines

Angiogenesis

To invade, cells must loosen contacts between cells, degrade the ECM, and migrate away from the original site. How to all these genetic mutations arise

Failure of DNA repair

This is an example of hereditary DNA repair defects that is a failure of mismatch repair. You inherit one mutation, and acquire the other. Related to familial colon cancers

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome

This is an example of hereditary DNA repair defects that is a failure of nucleotide excision repair system, small sun exposure leads to skin cancers

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Tumors results from the accumulation of a bunch of mutations (average 90), normally the body fixes or gets rid of them, but for a tumor cell to grow, one of its mutations must be within what kind of genes?

Checkpoint/guardian genes

These are common chromosomal changes that either put a proto-oncogene next to a promotor or create a fusion gene that makes a bad growth-promoting product. They are most comon in hematopoietic tumors (like Ph chromosome)

Balanced translocations

These are most common is solid tumors, can happen to part of all of a chromosome, usually happens to a tumor suppressor gene (ex: del13q14 in retinoblastoma)

Deletions

These carcinogenic agents are carcinogenic as is, most are chemotherapy drugs that cause secondary malignancies

Direct-Acting Agents

These are carcinogenic agents that require conversion to become carcinogenic, like hydrocarbons in tobacco or charred meats, aflatoxin B from aspergillus-infected grains/nuts, and nitrites for food preservatives

Indirect acting agents

The mechanism of carcinogenic agents is highly reactive ____ groups that bind to DNA Important targets are RAS a p53

Electrophile Groups

This carcinogenic agent causes chromosome breakage and translocations. Examples are unprotected miners getting lung cancer, atomic bomb survivors getting leukemia, therapeutic head/neck radiation forming thyroid cancer

Ionizing radiation

UV light causes the formation of ______, repair pathways usually fix them but they can become overwhelmed forming squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma

Pyrimidine Dimers

Bugs/viruses that cause cancer: ``` HTLV-1 causes... HPV causes... EBV causes.. HBV and HCV cause... H. pylori causes... ```

HTLV-1 causes T-cell lymphoma HPV causes cervical cancer EBV causes various lymphomas HBV and HCV cause hepatocellular carcinoma H. pylori causes gastric cancer and lymphoma

This tells you how nasty a tumor looks using pathologic evaluation of a tumor with a microscope

Grading

Thiis tells you how far a tumor has spread using clinical evaluation of patient (imaging, surgery) involving TNM system. More useful.

Staging

In the TNM system: T stands for N stands for M stands for

T stands for tumor N stands for nodes M stands for metastases

In the TNM system: ``` Tis means... T1 means... T2 means... T3 means... T4 means... ```

``` Tis means tumor in situ T1 means small tumor T2 means large tumor T3 means larger or invasive tumor T4 means very large/very invasive ```

In the TMN system: N0 means... N1 means... N2 means... N3 means...

N0 means no lymph node involvement N1 means a few regional nodes N2 means lots of regional nodes N3 means distant nodes

In the TNM system: M0 means M1 means

M0 means no metastases | M1 means metastases

M1 automatically makes you which stage?

Stage IV

Tis only is what stage and involves what treatment

Stage 0, surgery only

T1 or T2 and N0 is what stage and requires what treatment

Stage 1 with surgery and possibly radiation

Stage 2 involves what treatment

Surgery and radiation with possible chemotherapy

Stage 3 involves what treament

Chemotherapy with possible radiation to debulk, maybe surgery

Stage 4 involves what treatment

Palliative care and possibly chemo/radiation