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Pathophysiology Quiz > Neoplasia Terms > Flashcards

Neoplasia Terms Flashcards

1
Q

A benign tumor arising from glandular cells

A

Adenoma

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2
Q

A benign tumor arising from smooth muscle cells

A

Leimyoma

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3
Q

A benign tumor arising from chondrocytes

A

Chrondroma

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4
Q

A benign tumor with finger like projections

A

Papilloma

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5
Q

A benign tumor that projects upward, forming a lump

A

Polyp

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6
Q

A benign tumor with hollow spaces (cysts) inside

A

Cystadenoma

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7
Q

This category of malignant tumor arises in epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

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8
Q

This category of malignant tumor arises in mesenchymal tissue

A

Sarcomas

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9
Q

This is a malignant tumor of glandular cells

A

Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

This is a malignant tumor of squamous cells

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

This is a malignant tumor of chondrocytes

A

Chondrosarcoma

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12
Q

This is a malignant tumor of blood vessels

A

Angiosarcoma

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13
Q

This is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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14
Q

These are malignant tumors that sound benign

A

Lymphoma
Mesothelioma
Melanoma
Seminoma

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15
Q

These are non-tumors that sounds like tumors

A

Hamartoma

Choristoma

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16
Q

This is a non-tumor that is a mass of disorganized indigenous tissue

A

Hamartoma

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17
Q

This is a non-tumor that is a heterotopic rest of cells

A

Choristoma

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18
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for fibrous tissue

A

Fibroma

Fibrosarcoma

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19
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for fat

A

Lipoma

Liposarcoma

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20
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for cartilage

A

Chrondroma

Chondrosarcoma

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21
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for bone

A

Osteoma

Osteogenic Sarcoma

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22
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for blood vessels

A

Hemangioma

Angiosarcoma

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23
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for mesothelium

A

None!

Mesothelioma

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24
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for hematopoietic cells

A

None!

Leukemia

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25
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for lymphoid cells

A

None!

Lymphoma

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26
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for squamous epithelium

A

Squamous cell papilloma

Squamous cell carcinoma

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27
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for glandular epithelium

A

Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma
Papilloma, papillary adenocarcinoma
Cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma

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28
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

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29
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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30
Q

Benign and malignant tumors for melanocytes

A

Nevus, melanoma

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31
Q

This tumor characteristic is how much the tumor cells resemble their cells of origin

A

Differentiation

Well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated

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32
Q

Which types of tumors are usually well differentiated?

This type can show any level of differentation

A

Benign tumors

Malignant tumors

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33
Q

This characteristic of tumors is a state of complete undifferentiation, really just means very poorly differentiated

A

Anaplasia

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34
Q

Anaplasia almost always signifies what type of tumor?

A

Malignant

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35
Q

This term is used to describe disorderly changes in non-neoplastic epithelial cells

A

Dysplasia

Mild-moderate is usually reverisble

Severe usually progresses to carcinoma in situ

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36
Q

The three ways tumor metastasize

A

Seeding
Lymphatic Spread
Hematogenous Spread

37
Q

This method of metastasis involves a tumor invading a body cavity, and bits breaking off and implanting on peritoneal surfaces

A

Seeding (Ovarian Cancer)

38
Q

In this method of metastasis, the tumor spreadds to local lymph nodes

What type of lymph node does it start at?

It moves through what vessels?

This is how which types of malignant tumors spread?

A

Lymphatic Spread

Sentinel

Thoracic duct into subclavian vein

Carcinomas (breast)

39
Q

This method of metastasis usually involves veins (moreso than arteries because veins are easier to invade), and has livers and lungs as the most common destinations

What type of malignant tumors spread this way?

A

Hematogenous

Sarcomas (also carcinomas

40
Q

What is the deadliest cancer in both men and women?

A

Lung cancer

41
Q

Most _____ cancers are caused by environmental factors

A

Sporadic

42
Q

Sunlight causes…
Smoking causes…
Alcohol causes…(2)
HPV causes…

A

Skin cancer
Lung cancer
Alcohol and breast cancer
Cervical carcinoma

43
Q

Asbestos is commonly found in _____ and ____ and causes _____

A

roofing, tiles

Mesothelioma

44
Q

Benzene is commonly found in _____ and _____ and causes

A

Light oil, solvents

Leukemia

45
Q

Beryllium is commonly found is _______ and causes

A

Missile Fuel

Lung Cancer

46
Q

Ethylene oxide is found in ____ and _____ and causes

A

Ripening Agents, fumigrants

Leukemia

47
Q

Radon is found in ______ and ______ and causes

A

Uranium decay, mines

Lung Cancer

48
Q

Vinyl Chloride is found in ___ and causes ___ and ____

A

Refrigerants

Angiosarcoma and Liver Cancer

49
Q

Nickel is found in ___ and ____ and causes _____ and _____

A

Welding, ceramics

Nose and Liver Cancer

50
Q

Cadmium is found in _____ and causes ____

A

Batteries

Prostate Cancer

51
Q

These are the most common hereditary sporadic cancers, and they have familial forms too. They occur earlier and are often deadlier

A

Familial Cancers (breast, colon, ovary, brain)

52
Q

This category of hereditary cancer is recessively inherited, and involves xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Syndromes of defective DNA repair

53
Q

These neoplasias involve persistent regenerative cell replication, with hyperplastic and dysplastic proliferations

A

Acquired preneoplastic syndromes

54
Q

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be made by the cell itself

A

Growth Factors

55
Q

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be overexpressed or always on

These also may always be on

A

Receptors

Signal-transducing proteins

56
Q

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may always be expressed

A

Nuclear Transcription Factors

57
Q

For autonomous growth in cancer cells, these may be overactive

A

Cyclins

58
Q

This is an example of a signal transduction protein that is always on when mutated, causing constant cell differentiation

A

RAS Gene

59
Q

These are the genes that act as breaks on the cell cycle, when mutated, they cause insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals

Have to lose BOTH copies of the gene to cause tumors

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

60
Q

This is an example of a tumor suppressor gene, it stops cells at the G1 checkpoint. The mutated form is inactive

A

RB gene

61
Q

Patients with two mutant RB genes (insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals) have increased risk of…

A

Retinoblastoma and other tumors (sarcoma)

62
Q

This is a gene that when damaged causes insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, it is nicknamed the guardian of the genome.

Its role is to pause in the cell cycle so DNA can be repaired, if irreparable, it causes the cell to die

A

p53 (most human tumors have p53 mutations!)

63
Q

Neoplasias involve Fas (the death receptor), executioner caspases (cut DNA), BCL2 protein family, p53, when these are mutated it causes evasion of..

A

Apoptosis

64
Q

In normal human cells, there are only 60-70 doublings. Telomeres keep getting shorter, leading to cell cycle arrest via p53 and RB. Stem cells and cancer cells use telomerase to maintain telomere length and keep replicating.

A

Limitless Replication

65
Q

Tumor cells need blood to grow, and they eventually learn how to stimulate _____ using cytokines

A

Angiogenesis

66
Q

To invade, cells must loosen contacts between cells, degrade the ECM, and migrate away from the original site. How to all these genetic mutations arise

A

Failure of DNA repair

67
Q

This is an example of hereditary DNA repair defects that is a failure of mismatch repair. You inherit one mutation, and acquire the other. Related to familial colon cancers

A

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome

68
Q

This is an example of hereditary DNA repair defects that is a failure of nucleotide excision repair system, small sun exposure leads to skin cancers

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

69
Q

Tumors results from the accumulation of a bunch of mutations (average 90), normally the body fixes or gets rid of them, but for a tumor cell to grow, one of its mutations must be within what kind of genes?

A

Checkpoint/guardian genes

70
Q

These are common chromosomal changes that either put a proto-oncogene next to a promotor or create a fusion gene that makes a bad growth-promoting product. They are most comon in hematopoietic tumors (like Ph chromosome)

A

Balanced translocations

71
Q

These are most common is solid tumors, can happen to part of all of a chromosome, usually happens to a tumor suppressor gene (ex: del13q14 in retinoblastoma)

A

Deletions

72
Q

These carcinogenic agents are carcinogenic as is, most are chemotherapy drugs that cause secondary malignancies

A

Direct-Acting Agents

73
Q

These are carcinogenic agents that require conversion to become carcinogenic, like hydrocarbons in tobacco or charred meats, aflatoxin B from aspergillus-infected grains/nuts, and nitrites for food preservatives

A

Indirect acting agents

74
Q

The mechanism of carcinogenic agents is highly reactive ____ groups that bind to DNA

Important targets are RAS a p53

A

Electrophile Groups

75
Q

This carcinogenic agent causes chromosome breakage and translocations. Examples are unprotected miners getting lung cancer, atomic bomb survivors getting leukemia, therapeutic head/neck radiation forming thyroid cancer

A

Ionizing radiation

76
Q

UV light causes the formation of ______, repair pathways usually fix them but they can become overwhelmed forming squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma

A

Pyrimidine Dimers

77
Q

Bugs/viruses that cause cancer:

HTLV-1 causes...
HPV causes...
EBV causes..
HBV and HCV cause...
H. pylori causes...
A

HTLV-1 causes T-cell lymphoma
HPV causes cervical cancer
EBV causes various lymphomas
HBV and HCV cause hepatocellular carcinoma
H. pylori causes gastric cancer and lymphoma

78
Q

This tells you how nasty a tumor looks using pathologic evaluation of a tumor with a microscope

A

Grading

79
Q

Thiis tells you how far a tumor has spread using clinical evaluation of patient (imaging, surgery) involving TNM system. More useful.

A

Staging

80
Q

In the TNM system:

T stands for
N stands for
M stands for

A

T stands for tumor
N stands for nodes
M stands for metastases

81
Q

In the TNM system:

Tis means...
T1 means...
T2 means...
T3 means...
T4 means...
A 
Tis means tumor in situ
T1 means small tumor
T2 means large tumor
T3 means larger or invasive tumor
T4 means very large/very invasive
82
Q

In the TMN system:

N0 means…
N1 means…
N2 means…
N3 means…

A

N0 means no lymph node involvement
N1 means a few regional nodes
N2 means lots of regional nodes
N3 means distant nodes

83
Q

In the TNM system:

M0 means
M1 means

A

M0 means no metastases

M1 means metastases

84
Q

M1 automatically makes you which stage?

A

Stage IV

85
Q

Tis only is what stage and involves what treatment

A

Stage 0, surgery only

86
Q

T1 or T2 and N0 is what stage and requires what treatment

A

Stage 1 with surgery and possibly radiation

87
Q

Stage 2 involves what treatment

A

Surgery and radiation with possible chemotherapy

88
Q

Stage 3 involves what treament

A

Chemotherapy with possible radiation to debulk, maybe surgery

89
Q

Stage 4 involves what treatment

A

Palliative care and possibly chemo/radiation

Pathophysiology Quiz (1 decks)

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