Neoplasia I Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
An abnormal mass of tissue. Uncontrolled growth. Continues after stimuli that told it to grow is gone.
Five characteristic Features of Neoplasms
- New Growth of Cells
- Cell proliferation without control
- Serves no useful function
- Lacks organization and arrangement
- Continues to grow after evoking stimulus is removed
What is metaplasia
Form of cell growth in which one fully differentiated cell type completely replaces another fully differentiated type
What is dysplasia?
Pathologic alteration in cell size, shape, and organization
Where is dysplasia typically seen
Epithelial layers
Characteristic features of dysplasia?
Loss of cellular uniformity
Loss of architectural organization
Five primary characteristics of benign neoplasms.
- Well Delimited
- Well Differentiated
- Does NOT metastasize
- Slowly and Expansively Growing
- Do not recur following surgical excision
Benign tumors are more well differentiated than malignant in terms of…
Cell morphology, Tissue architecture, and Function
Five primary characteristics of malignant neoplasms.
- Locally invasive (often destroy infiltrated tissue)
- Usually less differentiated than benign
- Metastasize
- Rapidly growing
- Can recur following surgery
The rate of malignant cancer growth typically correlates with…
Degree of Differentiation
Describe locally malignant cells.
- Locally Invasive: destroy the infiltrated tissue
- Non-metastatic
- Rapidly growing
Two basic components of neoplasms
1, Parenchyma
2. Stroma
Define parenchyma
Proliferating Neoplastic Cells
Why care about the parenchyma?
Has the cell of origin that determines the biological behavior of the tumor. This is what neoplasms are named after.
Define stroma.
Supporting tissue
Significance of the stoma in neoplastic cells?
Composed of connecive tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics. In cancers, there is a stimulation of abundant collagenous stroma by the neoplastic parenchymal cells.
What does it mean when I say the stroma has a scirrhous consistancy?
Grossly firm consistency
Two types of parenchymal cells
- Mesenchymal (mesoderm)
2. Epithelial (Ecto+Endoderm)
Four types of mesenchymal cells
- Connective Tissue+Derivatives
- Endothelial Cells + Related
- Blood Cells + Related
- Muscle Cells
Two types of neoplasms that cannot be classified as epithelial or mesenchymal
- Mixed Cell Neoplasms
2. Teratoma
What are mixed cell neoplasms all about?
Parenchyma composed of epithelial and mesenchymal derived form a SINGLE embryonic germ layer.
What are teratomas all about?
Parenchyma composed of multiple tissues (epithelial and mesenchymal) derived from MULTIPLE embryonic germ layers.
What cells to teratomas come from?
Totipotent cells
Especially common in testies/ovaries
Benign or Malignant
Name for a benign mesenchymal neoplasm?
Examples?
Cell of Origin + -OMA
Fibroma, Osteoma, Hemangioma, Leiomyoma, Rhabdomyoma
Name for a benign epithelial neoplasm?
Parenchyma derived from glands/forming glandular pattens
Cell of Origin (or microscopic Structure) + ADENOMA
Sebaceous gland adenoma, renal adenoma, mammary gland adenoma, ovarian cystadenoma
What is a papilloma?
Neoplasms that form microscopic papila
What is a polyp?
Neoplasms that project above a mucosal surface into a lumen
Name for a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm.
Examples?
Cell of Origin + Sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, leiomyoasrcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
Name for a malignant epithelial neoplasm
Parenchyma from glands/forming glandular patterns
Cell of Origin/Microscopic Structure + Adenocarcinoma
Name for a malignant non-glandular parenchymal cancer?
Examples?
Cell of Origin (Microscopic Structure) + Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma
Examples of malignant mixed neoplasms
Mixed mamory gland adenocarcinoma
Mixed (or pleomorphic) salivary gland adenoma
Exceptions. Name for a melanocyte carcinoma?
Melanoma
Exceptions. Name a carcinoma of the spermatogenic epithelium?
Seminoma
Exceptions. Name a malignant lymphoid neoplasm?
Lymphoma
Exceptions. Name a neoplasm of plasma cells?
Multiple Myeloma
Exceptions. Name a neoplasm of bone marrow stem cells.
Leukemia
What is a choristoma?
An ectopic rest (focus) of normal tissue)
What is a hamartoma?
A disorganized mass of mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to a particular site.
Benign vs. Malignant. Occurance?
Benign – Solitary
Malignant – Solitary or Multiple
Benign vs. Malignant. Shape
Benign – Round
Malignant – Irregular
Benign vs. Malignant. Margins.
Benign – Smooth (entirely) well delineated
Malignant – Irregular
Benign vs. Malignant. Encapsulation.
B – Complete, when present
M – Usually none or incomplete, with infiltrative growth
Benign vs. Malignant. Fixation to surrounding tissue.
B – None, Moveable
M – Common, Unmoveable mass due to infiltration
Benign vs. Malignant. Surface ulceration.
B – None
M – Common
Benign vs. Malignant. Necrosis/Hemorrhage.
B – None
M – Common
Benign vs. Malignant. Surgical excision.
B – Easy
M – Difficult, often complete
Benign vs. Malignant. Recurrence following admission
B - Rare
M – Common
Benign vs. Malignant. Lethal Effects.
B - Uncommon
M – Common (Inevitable if untreated)
What does anaplasia mean?
Lack of differentiation
Characteristics of anaplastic cells?
Pleomorphism
Nuclei related signs (see next question)
Cytoplasm may be basophilic due to RNA abundance
Describe anaplastic nuclei?
Hyperchromatic, Heterochromatin clumping/margination, disproportionately large, mitotic figures
Benign vs. Malignant. Growth rate
B – Slow (usually), over years
M – Rapid, +/- erratic
What is correlated with the rate of growth of a neoplasm?
Less differentiated grow more rapidly than the well differentiated neoplasms
What is a capsule? Which type of neoplasm has them?
Benign cancers
Compressed connective tissues that accumulates as surrounding tissue atrophies from the pressure of the expanding mass.
Best criteria for distinguishing malignant from benign neoplasms? Second best?
Best – Metastasis
2nd – Infiltration of surrounding tissue
All malignant neoplasms can metastasize, EXCEPT…
Glial cell tumors (Gliomas)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Lymphatics are the most common pathway for spread of….
Carcinomas
Hematogenous spread is most common in the spread of…
Sarcomas
Who gets infiltrated most, veins or arteries?
Veins
Most common sites for secondary metastasis?
Lung and Liver
Pathway that vertebral metasteses of carcinomas of the thyroid and prostate may use
Paravertebral Plexus
Most commonly seeded body cavity lining
Peritoneum
Want to know the specific nomenclature of all of the tumor types.
Then read them in the damn notes. I’m tired. Its on page 9.
