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Pathology -- Neoplasia > Neoplasia I > Flashcards

Neoplasia I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue. Uncontrolled growth. Continues after stimuli that told it to grow is gone.

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2
Q

Five characteristic Features of Neoplasms

A
  1. New Growth of Cells
  2. Cell proliferation without control
  3. Serves no useful function
  4. Lacks organization and arrangement
  5. Continues to grow after evoking stimulus is removed
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3
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Form of cell growth in which one fully differentiated cell type completely replaces another fully differentiated type

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4
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pathologic alteration in cell size, shape, and organization

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5
Q

Where is dysplasia typically seen

A

Epithelial layers

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6
Q

Characteristic features of dysplasia?

A

Loss of cellular uniformity

Loss of architectural organization

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7
Q

Five primary characteristics of benign neoplasms.

A
  1. Well Delimited
  2. Well Differentiated
  3. Does NOT metastasize
  4. Slowly and Expansively Growing
  5. Do not recur following surgical excision
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8
Q

Benign tumors are more well differentiated than malignant in terms of…

A

Cell morphology, Tissue architecture, and Function

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9
Q

Five primary characteristics of malignant neoplasms.

A
  1. Locally invasive (often destroy infiltrated tissue)
  2. Usually less differentiated than benign
  3. Metastasize
  4. Rapidly growing
  5. Can recur following surgery
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10
Q

The rate of malignant cancer growth typically correlates with…

A

Degree of Differentiation

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11
Q

Describe locally malignant cells.

A
  1. Locally Invasive: destroy the infiltrated tissue
  2. Non-metastatic
  3. Rapidly growing
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12
Q

Two basic components of neoplasms

A

1, Parenchyma

2. Stroma

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13
Q

Define parenchyma

A

Proliferating Neoplastic Cells

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14
Q

Why care about the parenchyma?

A

Has the cell of origin that determines the biological behavior of the tumor. This is what neoplasms are named after.

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15
Q

Define stroma.

A

Supporting tissue

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16
Q

Significance of the stoma in neoplastic cells?

A

Composed of connecive tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics. In cancers, there is a stimulation of abundant collagenous stroma by the neoplastic parenchymal cells.

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17
Q

What does it mean when I say the stroma has a scirrhous consistancy?

A

Grossly firm consistency

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18
Q

Two types of parenchymal cells

A
  1. Mesenchymal (mesoderm)

2. Epithelial (Ecto+Endoderm)

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19
Q

Four types of mesenchymal cells

A
  1. Connective Tissue+Derivatives
  2. Endothelial Cells + Related
  3. Blood Cells + Related
  4. Muscle Cells
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20
Q

Two types of neoplasms that cannot be classified as epithelial or mesenchymal

A
  1. Mixed Cell Neoplasms

2. Teratoma

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21
Q

What are mixed cell neoplasms all about?

A

Parenchyma composed of epithelial and mesenchymal derived form a SINGLE embryonic germ layer.

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22
Q

What are teratomas all about?

A

Parenchyma composed of multiple tissues (epithelial and mesenchymal) derived from MULTIPLE embryonic germ layers.

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23
Q

What cells to teratomas come from?

A

Totipotent cells
Especially common in testies/ovaries
Benign or Malignant

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24
Q

Name for a benign mesenchymal neoplasm?

Examples?

A

Cell of Origin + -OMA

Fibroma, Osteoma, Hemangioma, Leiomyoma, Rhabdomyoma

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25
Q

Name for a benign epithelial neoplasm?

Parenchyma derived from glands/forming glandular pattens

A

Cell of Origin (or microscopic Structure) + ADENOMA

Sebaceous gland adenoma, renal adenoma, mammary gland adenoma, ovarian cystadenoma

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26
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Neoplasms that form microscopic papila

27
Q

What is a polyp?

A

Neoplasms that project above a mucosal surface into a lumen

28
Q

Name for a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm.

Examples?

A

Cell of Origin + Sarcoma

Fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, leiomyoasrcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

29
Q

Name for a malignant epithelial neoplasm

Parenchyma from glands/forming glandular patterns

A

Cell of Origin/Microscopic Structure + Adenocarcinoma

30
Q

Name for a malignant non-glandular parenchymal cancer?

Examples?

A

Cell of Origin (Microscopic Structure) + Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma

31
Q

Examples of malignant mixed neoplasms

A

Mixed mamory gland adenocarcinoma

Mixed (or pleomorphic) salivary gland adenoma

32
Q

Exceptions. Name for a melanocyte carcinoma?

A

Melanoma

33
Q

Exceptions. Name a carcinoma of the spermatogenic epithelium?

A

Seminoma

34
Q

Exceptions. Name a malignant lymphoid neoplasm?

A

Lymphoma

35
Q

Exceptions. Name a neoplasm of plasma cells?

A

Multiple Myeloma

36
Q

Exceptions. Name a neoplasm of bone marrow stem cells.

A

Leukemia

37
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

An ectopic rest (focus) of normal tissue)

38
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

A disorganized mass of mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to a particular site.

39
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Occurance?

A

Benign – Solitary

Malignant – Solitary or Multiple

40
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Shape

A

Benign – Round

Malignant – Irregular

41
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Margins.

A

Benign – Smooth (entirely) well delineated

Malignant – Irregular

42
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Encapsulation.

A

B – Complete, when present

M – Usually none or incomplete, with infiltrative growth

43
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Fixation to surrounding tissue.

A

B – None, Moveable

M – Common, Unmoveable mass due to infiltration

44
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Surface ulceration.

A

B – None

M – Common

45
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Necrosis/Hemorrhage.

A

B – None

M – Common

46
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Surgical excision.

A

B – Easy

M – Difficult, often complete

47
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Recurrence following admission

A

B - Rare

M – Common

48
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Lethal Effects.

A

B - Uncommon

M – Common (Inevitable if untreated)

49
Q

What does anaplasia mean?

A

Lack of differentiation

50
Q

Characteristics of anaplastic cells?

A

Pleomorphism
Nuclei related signs (see next question)
Cytoplasm may be basophilic due to RNA abundance

51
Q

Describe anaplastic nuclei?

A

Hyperchromatic, Heterochromatin clumping/margination, disproportionately large, mitotic figures

52
Q

Benign vs. Malignant. Growth rate

A

B – Slow (usually), over years

M – Rapid, +/- erratic

53
Q

What is correlated with the rate of growth of a neoplasm?

A

Less differentiated grow more rapidly than the well differentiated neoplasms

54
Q

What is a capsule? Which type of neoplasm has them?

A

Benign cancers

Compressed connective tissues that accumulates as surrounding tissue atrophies from the pressure of the expanding mass.

55
Q

Best criteria for distinguishing malignant from benign neoplasms? Second best?

A

Best – Metastasis

2nd – Infiltration of surrounding tissue

56
Q

All malignant neoplasms can metastasize, EXCEPT…

A

Glial cell tumors (Gliomas)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

57
Q

Lymphatics are the most common pathway for spread of….

A

Carcinomas

58
Q

Hematogenous spread is most common in the spread of…

A

Sarcomas

59
Q

Who gets infiltrated most, veins or arteries?

A

Veins

60
Q

Most common sites for secondary metastasis?

A

Lung and Liver

61
Q

Pathway that vertebral metasteses of carcinomas of the thyroid and prostate may use

A

Paravertebral Plexus

62
Q

Most commonly seeded body cavity lining

A

Peritoneum

63
Q

Want to know the specific nomenclature of all of the tumor types.

A

Then read them in the damn notes. I’m tired. Its on page 9.

Pathology -- Neoplasia (1 decks)

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