Neoplasia and immune diseases

Question 1

What is the main target for the humoral immune system?

Answer 1

Extracellular microbes and toxins

Question 2

What is the main target for cell mediated immunity?

Answer 2

Intracellular pathogens and tumors

Question 3

What type of bacterial infections are free mediated antibodies most effective against?

Answer 3

encapsulate like strep pneumo

Question 4

What cytokines do natural Killer cells release?

Answer 4

INF gamma which summons macrophages.

Question 5

How can you tell if B-lymphocyte proliferation is clonal?

Answer 5

If all the cells express the same type of light chain.

Question 6

What type of molecule is MHC?

Answer 6

A membrane bound glycoprotein

Question 7

What is the purpose of HLA testing?

Answer 7

To determine disease risk

To calculate transplantation graft survival

Question 8

What is the definition of atopy?

Answer 8

Predisposition to develop hypersensitivity

Question 9

Type I hypersensitivity requires these 2 things?

Answer 9

Exposure to an antigen and repeated exposure to the same antigen

Question 10

Binding of these 2 cells are precursors of Type I hypersensitivity

Answer 10

mast cell and IgE

Question 11

Common causes of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 11

Pollen, insect bites, foods, drugs

Question 12

What are the 3 components of life threatening anaphylaxis?

Answer 12

Vascular shock
Widespread edema
resp. distress

Question 13

Cause of death for anaphalxis

Answer 13

bronchial constriction or upper airway edema leading to resp. failure and cardiac collapse

Question 14

Major causes of Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 14

antibodies reacting to normal or abnormal cell surface markers. may be autoimmune.

Question 15

These 3 mechanisms are all hallmarks of this disorder Opsinazation –> phagocytosis
Ab bind Fc receptor on leukocyte or complement
Make antibodies to normal receptors

Answer 15

Type II hypersensitiviy disorder

Question 16

Describe GoodPasture Syndrome

Answer 16

Make antibodies to proteins in the basement of your kindey glomerulus and lung alveolar membrane. End up with nephritis and lung hemorrhages

Question 17

In which disorder does your body make antibodies to the desmogliones in the basal layer of the epidermis?

Answer 17

Pemphigus vulgaris

Question 18

Describe the 3 stages of Type 3 Hypersensitivity and an examples

Answer 18

Antibody binds free antigen
Immune complex deposited in vessel wall or elsewhere
Inflammation begins in deposited area
Post streptococcal glomerus nephritis, SLE, serum sickness

Question 19

Name the chief immune mediator for Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 19

CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell that has been sensitized to an antigen

Question 20

Some common examples of Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 20

Type I diabetes

Graft rejection

Question 21

Name the 4 type of genes mutated in cancer

Answer 21

Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 22

Name some types proto-oncogenes

Answer 22

Growth factor
Growth promoting signals
transcription factors
cyclin and clyclin dependant kinases

Question 23

Describe the 2 hit hypotheses and what genes does it apply to?

Answer 23

2 defects required for damage
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that regulate apoptosis
Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 24

Name 2 mutations in tumor suppressor genes

Answer 24

FAP(100%) and BRAC 1 and 2(60%)

Question 25

What is the common defect in development of apototic invasion?

Answer 25

BCL-2 gene

Question 26

An upregulation of telomerase results in what trait?

Answer 26

Limitless replicative potential possibly leading to slow growth cancers

Question 27

To increase angiogenesis tumor cells do what 2 things?

Answer 27

upregulate VEG-F | downregulate angiogenic inhibitors

Question 28

2 key steps required for invasion and metastatis

Answer 28

Invade ECM | vascular dissemination

Question 29

2 schools of thought on preferential spread of tumor cells

Answer 29

endothelial adhesion on organs | chemokine receptors on tumors

Question 30

Xeroderma pigmentous, Fanconi anemia and Bloom's sydnrome are examples of what type of defect?

Answer 30

inherited DNA repair defect

Question 31

Name some ways tumor cells invade the immune system?

Answer 31

``` Downregulate MHC Suppress immune system Kill CTL mask their antigens loss or downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules ```

Question 32

HER2/Neu positive trait is significant in breast cancer because?

Answer 32

Can use Herciption(Trastuzumab) - monoclonal antibody to that receptor

Question 33

Kras mutation is related to what cancer? Is it good or bad?

Answer 33

Colon cancer | Bad - the cancer is growth factor independent. can't use normal treatment

Question 34

What proto-oncogene and mutation that results in CML

Answer 34

ABL t(9;22) philadelphia chromosome - disgreg TK

Question 35

Oncogene implicated in Burkitts Lymphoma

Answer 35

myc- disregulates nuclear transcription

Question 36

What is the normal function and result of mutation in the SIS proto-oncogene?

Answer 36

growth factor synthesis | overexpression leads to osteogenic sarcoma and astrocytoma

Question 37

What are the 3 main functions of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 37

regulation of cell cycle at G1/S and G2/M regulation of nuclear transcription regulation of cell differentiation

Question 38

Inactivation of genes required for DNA repair can cause this syndrome?

Answer 38

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer Syndrome

Question 39

What type of structural chromosome changes would one see in malignancy?

Answer 39

translocations deletions reduplication amplification