Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology- Inflammation > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

0
Q

What are the stages of neoplastic progression?

A
  1. Normal cell: basal to apical differentiation.
  2. Hyperplasia: increased number of cells
  3. Dysplasia: abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape and polarity.
  4. Carcinoma In Situ: high N:C ratio & clumped chromatin, neoplastic cells have not yet invaded and encompass the entire thickness.
  5. Invasive Carcinoma: invasion of basement membrane via collegenase and hydrolases (Metalloproteases).
  6. Metastasis: reach blood or lymphatics and spread to distant site (seed soil theory: seed is a tumor embolus, soil is the distant site).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the hallmarks of a cancer?

A

Cancers are characterized by evasion of apoptosis, self sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replication potential, tissue invasion, and metastasis. It is essentially unregulated growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to tumors evade immune surveillance?

A

Tudors evade immune surveillance by down regulating the expression of MHC class I on cells. Therefore the abnormal proteins that are usually displayed on MHC class I cannot be targeted by CD8 T-cells. This is necessary for tumor survival.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiate hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

A

Hypertrophy involves an increase in cellular size and controlled by gene activation, protein synthesis, increased organelle production). It occurs in permanent cells such as nerve and muscle.
Hyperplasia is an increased number of cells from the production of stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the reversible -plasias and their characteristics?

A

Hyperplasia: increased number of cells.
Metaplasia: stress induced (smoking/GERD), one adult cell is replace by another.
Dysplasia: commonly pre-neoplastic (CIN) it is abnormal growth with loss of size, shape, polarity of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the irreversible -plasias and their characteristics?

A

Anaplasia: abnormal cells lacking differentiation, primitive looking, little to resemblance to tissue of origin.
Neoplasia: a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled, and excessive. It may be malignant or benign.
Desmoplasia: fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between Tumor Grade & Tumor Stage?

A

Tumor Grade is degree of cellular differentiation based on histological appearance of tumor. Graded I (well differentiated) - IV (poorly differentiated). It’s the character of the tumor itself.
Tumor stage is the degree of localization/spread based on site/size of primary lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastasis, and uses TNM Staging system. Tumor Stage has the best Prognostic value! T: size of Tumor. N: Node involvement. M: Metastasis (the most important prognostic value).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between the term carcinoma and sarcoma?

A

Carcinoma implies epithelial origin, while sarcoma implies mesenchymal origin. Both are malignant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the benign:malignant term describing tumors involving:
Melanocytes
Epithelium
Blood cells

A

Benign: Malignant
Melanocytes = nevus (mole):melanoma
Epithelium= adenoma:adenocarcinoma or papilloma:papillary carcinoma
Blood cells have no benign tumors and are termed leukemia/lymphoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the benign:malignant term describing tumors involving:
Blood vessels
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

A

Benign:malignant
Blood vessels= hemangioma: angiosarcoma
Smooth muscle= leiomyoma:leiomyosarcoma
Skeletal muscle= rhabdomyoma:rhabdomyosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
What is the benign:malignant term describing tumors involving:
Connective Tissue
Bone
Fat
>1 cell type
A 
Benign:malignant
Connective Tissue= fibroma:fibrosarcoma
Bone= osteoma:osteosarcoma
Fat= lipoma:liposarcoma
>1 cell type= 
mature teratoma (women): mature & immature teratoma (men)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compare the characteristics of a benign and malignant tumor:

A

Benign tumors are well differentiated, slow growing and organized, well demarcated and have a uniform nuclei, lack invasion, minimal mitotic activity and a low N:C ratio, mobile and not fixed in the tissue.
Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, have erratic growth patterns, locally invasive, may metastasize, have lost polarity, are fixed to the surrounding tissue, nuclear polymorphism, high N:C ratio, high mitotic activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compare the metaplasia that occurs in Barrett Esophagus vs that of Smoking

A

In Barrett Esophagus the metaplasia caused by GERD occurs in the normally nonkeratinized squamous epithelium of the esophagus to be replaced by glandular non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells.
In smokers, the cilia is lost, and the affect on the bronchioles impacts the pseudostratified columnar cells to be replaced with squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is keratomalacia and what is it caused by?

A

Keratomalacia is a metaplasia of the conjunctiva caused by vitamin A deficiency and marked by the replacement of the thin squamous lining to a stratified squamous lining that is keratinized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

Myositis ossificans is bony growth that occurs after contusion or strain. It is a metaplasia in which muscle is replaced with bone tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What rank does cancer have in causes of death in adults and children in the US?

A

It is the 2nd leading cause of death followed by cerebrovascular. The primary cause of death remains cardiovascular disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 main incidents and mortality of males and females with cancer?

A

Males: Incidence- prostate 32%, Lung 16%, colorectal 12%.
Death-lung 33% & Prostate 13%

Females: Incidence- Breast 32%, Lung 13%, colorectal 13%
Death-Death-lung 23% & Breast 18%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Burkett’s Lymphoma

A

C-myc and transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
CML

A

abl; tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Follicular & undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibit apoptosis)

A

Bcl-2; anti-apoptotic molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas

A

erb-B2; tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Colon carcinomas

A

Ras; GTPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Lung tumor

A

L-myc; transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Neuroblastoma

A

N-myc; transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A &2B

A

Ret; tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give the oncogene and gene product for the following tumor associations:
Gastrointestinal stromatolites tumor (GIST)

A

C-kit; cytokine receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated & gene product for the following tumor associations:
Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

A

Rb; Rb when not phosphorylated holds E2F and blocks G1 to S phase transition of cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated & gene product for the following tumor associations:
Most human cancers and Li-Fraumeni syndrome

A

p53; p53 normally induces apoptosis via increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2, which blocks the progression of G1 to S phase of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated & gene product for the following tumor associations:
Breast & ovarian cancer

A

BRCA1; DNA Repair protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated & gene product for the following tumor associations:
Breast cancer only

A

BRCA2; DNA Repair protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated & gene product for the following tumor associations:
Melanoma

A

p16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated for the following tumor associations:
Colorectal cancer associated with FAP

A

APC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated for the following tumor associations:
Wilm’s tumor

A

WT1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated for the following tumor associations:
Neurofibromatosis type 1 & 2

A

NF1 & NF2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated for the following tumor associations:
Pancreatic cancer

A

DPC

Deleted Pancreatic Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give the tumor suppressor gene mutated for the following tumor associations:
Colon cancer

A

DCC

Deleted Colon Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Compare oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and how they can cause cancer.

A

Oncogenes need damage to only 1 allele which causes a gain in function = cancer.

Tumor suppressor genes need a “double hit” to two alleles which causes a loss in function = cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Down Syndrome?

A

ALL , AML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism?

A

Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What neoplasm is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and post surgical gastric remnants?

A

Gastric carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What neoplasms are associated with tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, & mental retardation)?

A

Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma.

41
Q

What neoplasm is associated with actinic keratosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

42
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Barret’s esophagus?

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (metaplasia to mucin secreting columnar cells.

43
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia, all due to iron deficiency) ?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

44
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Cirrhosis ( alcohol, Hepatitis B/C) ?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

45
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Ulcerative colitis?

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

46
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Paget’s disease of bone?

A

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma.

47
Q

What neoplasm is associated with immunodeficiency states?

A

Malignant lymphomas

48
Q

What neoplasms are associated with AIDS?

A

Aggressive malignant Non-Hodgekin’s Lymphoma & Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

49
Q

What neoplasm is associated with autoimmune diseases ( ie Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis)?

A

Lymphoma

50
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)?

A

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, & uterus).

51
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Dysplastic nevus?

A

Malignant melanoma

52
Q

What neoplasms are associated with Radiation exposure?

A

Sarcoma & Papillary thyroid cancer.

53
Q

What is cachexia and what is it mediated by?

A

Cachexia: Loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and loss of appetite in somebody not actively trying to lose weight. It occurs in chronic diseases (ie cancer, AIDS, HF, and TB).
It is mediated by TNFalpha (nicknamed cachectin), IFNgamma, & IL-6.

54
Q

What type of cancer does ionizing radiation (nuclear reactor accident /radiotherapy) cause and what is its method of damage?

A

Ionizing radiation causes AML, CML, & Papillary carcinoma of thyroid. It’s method of cellular damage is via free radicals.

55
Q

What types of cancer does non-ionizing radiation (UVB sunlight) cause and what is its method of damage?

A

Non-ionizing radiation causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
It’s method of damage is via the formation of pyrimidine diners in the skin which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases.

56
Q

What is cachexia and what is it mediated by?

A

Cachexia is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and loss of appetite in somebody not actively trying to loss weight. It occurs in chronic disease (ie cancer, AIDS, HF, and TB).
It is mediated by TNFalpha (nicknamed cachectin), IFNgamma, & IL-6.

57
Q

What type of cancer does ionizing radiation (nuclear reactor accident /radiotherapy) cause and what is its method of damage?

A

Ionizing radiation causes AML, CML, & Papillary carcinoma of thyroid. It’s method of cellular damage is via free radicals.

58
Q

What types of cancer does non-ionizing radiation (UVB sunlight) cause and what is its method of damage?

A

Non-ionizing radiation causes basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
It’s method of damage is via the formation of pyrimidine diners in the skin which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases.

59
Q

Aflatoxins are produced by what, affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Aflatoxins are produced by the fungi Aspergillus found in contaminated grains, affect the liver, and predispose to Hepatocellular carcinoma.

60
Q

Vinyl Chloride is produced by what, affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Vinyl Chloride affect the liver, and predispose to angiosarcoma.

61
Q

CCl4 are produced by what, affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

CCl4 are an occupational hazard in the production of PVC, affect the liver, and predispose to centrilobular necrosis & fatty change.

62
Q

Nitrosamines are produced by what, affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Nitrosamines are found in smoked foods, affect the stomach, and cause gastric cancer.

63
Q

Cigarette smoke produced what harmful chemical, affect which human organs, and predispose to what cancers?

A

Cigarette smoke produces polycyclic hydrocarbons. They are the cause of cancer in the following organs:
Larynx-squamous cell carcinoma
Lung-squamous & small cell carcinomas
Kidney-renal cell carcinoma (invades renal a.)
Bladder-transitional cell carcinoma.

64
Q

Asbestos affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Asbestos affect the lung and cause mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma.

Note that you are most likely to get lung cancer but mesothelioma is specifically caused by asbestos.

65
Q

Aresenic which is also found in cigarette smoke, affects which human organ, and predisposes to what cancers?

A

Arsenic affects the skin and liver. In the skin it causes squamous cell carcinoma and in the liver it causes angiosarcoma.

66
Q

Naphthalene (aniline) dyes also produced by cigarette smoke affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Napthalene (aniline) dyes affect the urothelium of the bladder and cause transitional cell carcinoma.

67
Q

Alkylation agents are produced by what, affect which human organ, and predispose to what cancer?

A

Alkylating agents are a side effect of chemotherapy and disseminate in the blood. They can cause leukemia and lymphoma.

68
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma

69
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

HBV, HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

70
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

EBV

A

EBV: Burkitt’s Lymphoma, Hodgekin’s Lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

71
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

HPV

A

HPV is associated with cervical cancer (16,18), Penile/anal cancer.

72
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

HHV-8

A

HHV-8 Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma.

73
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

HIV

A

Primary brain (CNS) Lymphoma

74
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

H-pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma.

75
Q

The following microbe is associated with what cancer?

Schistosoma haematobium

A

Found in Egypt it can cause squamous cell carcinoma of transitional epithelium in the bladder.

76
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Small cell carcinoma secreted ACTH or ACTH-like peptide and caused Cushing’s syndrome. They also cause ADH and cause SIADH. Also produce anti-bodies against calcium channels at neuromuscular junction and cause Lambert-eaton syndrome (muscle weakness).

77
Q

Intracranial neoplasm is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Intracranial neoplasms secrete ADH and cause SIADH.

78
Q

Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, amd breats cancer are associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

PTH-related peptide, TGFbeta, TNF, & IL-1 cause hypercalcemia.

79
Q

Thymoma is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Thymoma produces antibodies against presynaptic calcium channels at neuromuscular junction. It causes Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness).

80
Q

Leukemias and lymphomas are associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Leukemia and lymphoma produce hyperurecenia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (cytotoxic therapy). It causes gout and urate nephropathy.

81
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Renal cell carcinoma:
EPO = polycythemia
PTHrelated peptide, TGFbeta, TNF, & IL-1 = hypercalcemia

82
Q

Hemagioblastoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pheoochromocytoma are associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting what hormone/agent and has what type of effect?

A

Hemagioblastoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pheoochromocytoma generate EPO and cause polycythemia.

83
Q

What are psammoma bodies and in which diseases are they found in?

A

Psammoma bodies are mineralized bodies composed usually of a central capillary surrounded by concentric whorls in various stages of hyaline change and mineralization. Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells forms the focus for surrounding calcific deposition.
They can occur in benign and malignant epithelial tumors (such as papillary ovarian or thyroid carcinoma).
PPASSMM
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Prolactinoma
Adenocarcinoma of lung
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Somatostatinoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

84
Q

What is the tumor marker for thyroid medullary tumor?

A

Calcitonin

Thyroid medullary carcinoma

85
Q

What is the tumor marker for Pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

A

CA-19-9

For pancreatic adenocarcinoma

86
Q

What is the tumor marker for hairy cell leukemia (B cell neoplasm)?

A

TRAP - tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

“TRAP the hairy animal”

87
Q

What is the tumor marker for neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer?

A

Bombesin

For neuroblastoma, lung, and gastric cancer

88
Q

What is the tumor marker for bone metastasis, obstructive biliary disease, and Paget’s disease?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

For bone metastasis (phosphate storage with active enzyme site) and bike duct has phosphatase enzyme.

89
Q

What is the tumor marker for melanoma, neural tumors, and astrocytes?

A

S-100

For melanoma, neural tumors and astrocytes

“MAN look at that S-100 car”

90
Q

What is the tumor marker for ovarian and malignant epithelial tumors?

A

CA-125

For ovarian and malignant epithelial tumors

91
Q

What is the tumor marker for hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, & gestational trophoblastic tumors?

A

Beta-hCG

for H(hydatidiform moles)
C(choriocarcinomas)
G(gestational trophoblastic tumors)

92
Q

What is the tumor marker for Hepatocellular carcinomas, and nonseminiferous germ cell tumors of the testes such as yolk sac tumor?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

Normally made by fetus. Hepatocellular carcinoma and nonseminiferous germ cell tumors.

93
Q

This tumor marker is very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers, also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas.

A

CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen

Very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas.

94
Q

What is the tumor marker for prostrate carcinoma?

A

PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)

95
Q

This tumor marker is used to screen for prostrate carcinomas and elevated in BPH & prostatiitis.

A

PSA - Prostate specific antigen.

96
Q

Metastatic bone tumors are far more common than primary tumors. Rank 5 sites that a bone tumor may have seeded from.

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testicles.

97
Q

If a blastic metastatic bone tumor was found, which site would it have most likely come from?

A

Prostate: blastic bone tumor

98
Q

If a lytic metastatic bone tumor was found, which site would be the most likely for it to have come from?

A

Lung: lytic bone tumor

99
Q

If a metastatic mix of lytic and blastic bone tumors were found, which site would it most likely have come from?

A

Breast: lytic & blastic bone tumor

Pathology- Inflammation (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions