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Pathophysiology exam 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence

A

Number of people who develop the disorder

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2
Q

Mortality

A

Number of people who die from the disorder

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3
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth

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4
Q

Proliferation

A

Process of cell division

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

Specialization of cells
Regulated by genes and environment
Rely on progenitor cells (cells in earlier stage of differentiation)

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6
Q

Maturity

A

Differentiated cells having reached full functional potential

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7
Q

Stem cells

A 
Properties:
- Self-renewal
- Potency
Divide into:
- Daughter cell
- Stem cell
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8
Q

-oma suffix

A
  • Benign

- Preceded by name of tissue origin

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9
Q

-carcinoma suffix

A
  • Malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
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10
Q

-sarcoma suffix

A
  • Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cells
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11
Q

Benign tumors

A
  • Well differentiated, resemble tissue of origin
  • Slow growth
  • Grow by expansion, usually encapsulated
  • No metastasis
  • Low potential for death
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12
Q

Malignant tumors

A
  • Poorly differentiated, little resemblance to tissue of origin
  • Variable rate of growth; the more undifferentiated, the more rapid
  • Grows by invasion
  • Will spread with access to blood and lymph channels
  • High potential for death
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13
Q

Solid tumors

A
  • Category of malignant neoplasm
  • Confined to tissue or organ
  • Cells detach and invade surrounding tissue
  • Very fragile
  • Cells can fall off and create cancer (seeding)
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14
Q

Hematologic cancers

A
  • Category of malignant neoplasm

- Involve cells already in circulation

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15
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A
  • Localized, pre-invasive lesion

- Lesion that has not spread

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16
Q

Cancer cell characteristics

A
  • Abnormal, rapid proliferation
  • Loss of differentiation - anaplasia - no normal features of differentiated cells
  • Genetic instability
  • Growth factor independence
  • Cell density - dependent inhibition
  • Loss of cell cohesiveness and adhesion
  • Do not require anchorage to neighboring cells to develop
  • Cell-to-cell communication is lost
  • Immortal life span
  • Produce antigens immunologically different than host
  • Produce enzymes, hormones, etc
  • Cytoskeletal changes
17
Q

Loss of differentiation in cancer cells

A
  • Cells and nuclei variable in shape (pleiomorphic)
  • Clumped chromatin
  • Large nucleoli
  • Neoplasms with cells in various stages of mitosis
  • Mitosis is abnormal
  • Grade I to IV
18
Q

Genetic instability in cancer cells

A
  • Inherent stability that contributes to development and progression of cancer
19
Q

Growth factor independence in cancer cells

A
  • Ability to proliferate without growth factor
20
Q

Cell density in cancer cells

A
  • Dependent inhibition

- Cessation of growth when cells reach a pre-determined density

21
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Ability of cancer to produce hormones made in another part of the body
Can continue secreting despite feedback mechanisms

22
Q

Cancer spread

A 
Direct invasion
- Direct extension
- Seeding
Metastasis
- Blood - hepatic portal vein
- Lymph - sentinel node
23
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Creation of new blood vessels

  • Outer rim usually has better blood supply
  • Center of cancer often becomes ischemic and necrotic
24
Q

Cancer growth

A

Continue to divide until limits in blood supply and nutrients affect it
Double time - time taken for a tumor to double in size

25
Q

Etiology

A

Genetic basis - originate due to genetic damage or mutation
Under-activity or silencing of normal regulatory genes or overactivity of proto-oncogenes
Evasion of apoptosis
Evasion of cellular senescence
Development of sustained angiogenesis
Invasion and metastasis

26
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Code for growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors, etc
Overactivity can promote cancer

27
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Under-activity can interfere with normal processes
Cancerous cells not eliminated and are allowed to grow
Ex: BRCA gene

28
Q

Cancer causes related to host

A 
Heredity
- Genetic predisposition
Hormones
- Mechanism is unclear
Immunology
- Impaired ability to suppress tumor growth (immunocompromised, elderly_
29
Q

Cancer causes related to environment

A

Chemical carcinogens
Radiation (ionizing, ultraviolet)
Viruses (HPV, EBV, HBV, HHV-8)
Bacteria (H. pylori)

30
Q

Systemic symptoms of cancer

A

Anorexia-cachexia

Fatigue

31
Q

Cancer-induced anemia

A

Nutritional deficiency
Bone marrow failure
- Fast growing cancers can cause crowding
Inflammatory cytokines
- Body’s attempt to remove tumor can interfere with ability to create RBC

32
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Cancer producing manifestation in sites not affected by primary cancer
Can be due to hormones or other chemicals released by neoplasm
Benign and malignant tumors
Most common in lung, breast, and hematologic cancers

33
Q

SIADH

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Syndrome of increased ADH by a tumor

34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Elevated cortisol from tumor that secretes ACTH

35
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Cancer secretes peptide similar to PTH

36
Q

Venous thrombosis

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Cancer secretes procoagulation factors

37
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome
Skin changes
Possible due to epidermal growth factors from cancer

38
Q

Modes of cancer treatment

A

Radiation
- Destroy/damage cells by creating free radicals
- Rapidly proliferating cancer cells are more susceptible
Chemotherapy
- Prevent cell growth
Inhibit DNA, RNA, protein synthesis
Hormone therapy
- Disrupt hormonal environment of cancer cells
Biotherapy
- Change person’s immune response to cancer

Pathophysiology exam 1 (3 decks)

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