Neoplasia

Question 1

What is Cancer?

Answer 1

group of diseases defined by uncontrolled proliferation, it is genetic (somatic mostly, and germ-line)
it originates from one single cell

Question 2

problem with the cell

Answer 2

ability to undergo self renewal and lose the ability to fully differentiate

Question 3

3 embryonic germ layers

Answer 3

ectoderm (external layer) mesoderm (middle layer) Endoderm (internal layer)

Question 4

hypertrophy

Answer 4

increase in individual cell size not number

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in cell number with intact cell cycle regulations and within the anatomic boundaries

Question 6

dysplasia

Answer 6

disorderly arrangement or differentiation of cells

Question 7

metaplasia

Answer 7

transformation of one differentiated cell type to another
ex: most common - columnar epithelium become stratified squamous metaplasia
smoking

Question 8

tumor nomenclature need

Answer 8

cell of origin

Question 9

classification of tumors

Answer 9

embryonic origin, cell of origin,

Question 10

Epithelial means

Answer 10

skin, mucosa, glandular tissues

Question 11

Mesenchymal: mesoderm

Answer 11

bone, cartilage, muscle, endothelium, CT

Question 12

Hematopoietic

Answer 12

lymphoma, leukemia

Question 13

Neurocetodermal

Answer 13

CNS tumors

Question 14

benign tumor: epithelial

Answer 14

cell type + adenoma or oma and may have descriptions

Question 15

malignant tumor: epithelial

Answer 15

cell type + carcinoma or adenocarcinoma and may have description

Question 16

benign: mesenchymal

Answer 16

cell type + oma

Question 17

malignant : mesenchymal

Answer 17

cell type + sarcoma

Question 18

benign: endothelial

Answer 18

hemangioma

Question 19

malignant: endothelial

Answer 19

hemangiosarcoma

Question 20

teratoma

Answer 20

contail all 3 germ layers (ecto meso and endo) and frequent in gonads: testes and ovaries
develop from stem cells

Question 21

round cell

Answer 21

very rare

Question 22

can unicellular organisms be cancerous

Answer 22

no, multicellular organisms

Question 23

Why does cancer happen?

Answer 23

because the cells still have the autonomy to know that they are able to take over and they specialize.

Question 24

Why does cancer happen?

Answer 24

because the cells still have the autonomy to know that they are able to take over and they specialize.

Question 25

tumor evolution

Answer 25

they evolve through natural selection and some are able to overcome the corrections of the body resulting in a mutation and this quick division and overcome leads to more and more mutated cells leading to a tumor

Question 26

Hallmarks of cancer

Answer 26

self-sufficiency from growth factors, evading growth suppressors, evade apoptosis, limitless replication, sustained angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis

Question 27

cell machinery detects mutation

Answer 27

repair or apoptosis

Question 28

repair DNA

Answer 28

stop replication,

Question 29

initiation

Answer 29

first step towards cancer where the cell cannot go back due to genetic mutation.
requires replication - thymine dimer

Question 30

most powerful effect leading to cancer

Answer 30

cellular replication

Question 31

promotion

Answer 31

cell replication over time and need to achieve a threshold

Question 32

Progression

Answer 32

selection of more aggressive cells and gain additional mutations