Neoplasia Flashcards
Monoclonal refers to the idea that neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell. Clonality can be determined by ______ isoforms (or _______ receptor isoforms)
G6PD; androgen
[G6PD and androgen receptors are X-linked and remember that X inactivation is random; if all daughter cells express the same isoform of G6PD or androgen receptor, it is considered monoclonal]
How is clonality of B cells determined?
By Ig light chain phenotype
[each B cell will have either kappa or lambda light chain (normally 3:1 ratio); normal response to infection is polyclonal cell division and ratio would remain 3:1. In something like lymphoma, ratio becomes something like 20:1]
T/F: Neoplastic tumors are benign or malignant, but BOTH are considered monoclonal.
True
Difference is that benign tumors remain localized and do not metastasize. Malignant tumors (cancer) invade locally and have potential to metastasize
Benign vs. malignant nomenclature for tumors of epithelium
Benign: Adenoma, papilloma
Malignant: adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma
Benign vs. malignant nomenclature for tumors of mesenchyme
Benign: lipoma
Malignant: liposarcoma
______ is the 2nd leading cause of death in both adults and children
Cancer
Top 3 causes of death in adults
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancer
- Cerebrovascular disease
Top 3 causes of death in children
- Accidents
- Cancer
- Congenital defects
Most common cancers in adults by incidence (3)
- Breast/prostate
- Lung
- Colorectal
Most common cancers in adults by mortality (3)
- Lung
- Breast/prostate
- Colorectal
Cancer begins as a single mutated cell. Approximately ______ divisions occur before earliest symptoms arise. Each division (doubling time) results in increased symptoms. Cancers that do not produce symptoms until late in disease will have undergone additional divisions and mutations, thus cancers that are detected late tend to have a _____ prognosis
30; poor
Carcinogens damage cell DNA, including chemicals, oncogenic viruses, and radiation.
________ are chemicals derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored grains. They are associated with the development of ______ ______
Aflatoxins; hepatocellular carcinoma
Chemotherapy with ___________ is associated with the potential side effect of developing leukemia/lymphoma
Alkylating agents
Alcohol is considered carcinogenic for what types of cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and upper esophagus
Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
______ is a chemical present in cigarette smoke that is associated with carcinogenesis for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of the liver
Arsenic
Exposure to asbestos is more likely to lead to ________ than _______ (but can lead to either type of cancer)
Lung cancer; mesothelioma
Cigarette smoke is the most common carcinogen worldwide, of which _____ _____ are particularly carcinogenic.
What types of cancer are most associated with cigarette smoke?
Polycyclyc hydrocarbons
Carcinoma of the oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder
________ are found in smoked foods and are responsible for high rates of stomach carcinoma in Japan
Nitrosamines
[Note: Nitrosamines are associated with intestinal-type of stomach cancer (vs. diffuse type)]
________ is derived from cigarette smoke and is associated with carcinogenesis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
Naphthylamine
Vinyl chloride is associated with carcinogenesis after occupational exposure; it is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in pipes. What type of cancer is associated with this occupational exposure?
Angiosarcoma of the liver
Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica are common occupational exposures associated with carcinogenesis of ______
Lung carcinoma
Oncogenic viruses include EBV, HHV-8, HBV and HCV, HTLV-1, and high-risk HPV.
What type(s) of cancer are associated with EBV?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS
Oncogenic viruses include EBV, HHV-8, HBV and HCV, HTLV-1, and high-risk HPV.
What type(s) of cancer are associated with HHV-8?
Kaposi sarcoma
Oncogenic viruses include EBV, HHV-8, HBV and HCV, HTLV-1, and high-risk HPV.
What type(s) of cancer are associated with HBV and HCV?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Oncogenic viruses include EBV, HHV-8, HBV and HCV, HTLV-1, and high-risk HPV.
What type(s) of cancer are associated with HTLV-1?
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Oncogenic viruses include EBV, HHV-8, HBV and HCV, HTLV-1, and high-risk HPV.
What type(s) of cancer are associated with high-risk HPV (e.g., subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33)?
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Types of cancer associated with ionizing radiation
AML
CML
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Ionizing radiation is associated with nuclear reactor accidents and radiotherapy. It is associated with carcinogenesis via the generation of ________
Hydroxyl free radicals
The most common source of nonionizing radiation is _____________. Exposure results in formation of ______ ______ in DNA, which are normally excised by ______ ______
UVB sunlight; pyrimidine dimers; restriction endonuclease
Types of cancer associated with nonionizing radiation exposure
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma of the skin
DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems which allows for tumor promotion (growth) and progression (spread). The 3 key regulatory systems that are disrupted are proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and regulators of apoptosis.
What are proto-oncogenes essential for, and how are they disrupted during carcinogenesis?
Proto-oncogenes are essential for cell growth and differentiation
Mutations form oncogenes which lead to unregulated cell growth
4 categories of oncogenes
Growth factors
Growth factor receptors
Signal transducers
Cell cycle regulators