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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

This is endometrium. Which is hyperplastic? Is this pathological (what would cause it)

A

Right is hyperplasia –> physiologic hyperplasia

Due to increased hormones

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2
Q

What would cause the thyroid gland to look like this

A

Compensatory or pathologic hyperplasia (due to iodine deficiency)

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3
Q

What cellular changes are going on here?

A

Metaplasia - shift from normal columnar to squamous epithelium (from basement membrane - not change in mature cells)

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4
Q

What’s a cause of bladder metaplasia

A

Vitamin A deficiency- change from transitional epithelium to squamous

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5
Q

What causes dysplasia

A

Persistent irritation or inflammation

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6
Q

What is abnormal pattern of tissue growth with atypical cells

A

Dysplasia

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7
Q

Why are dysplasic tissues significant

A

Pre-neoplastic change!

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8
Q

Label the cell changes. Which are cancerous?

A

5 and 6 are cancerous

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9
Q

What is loss of cellular differentiation called

A

Anaplasia

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10
Q

Is anaplasia reversible?

A

NO!

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11
Q

Are anaplastic cells considered benign, malignant, or both?

A

Malignant

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12
Q

What type of cells are these arrows pointing to

A

Anaplastic cells (can see mitotic figures too)

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13
Q

Which cells are most, middle and least likely to undergo hyperplasia?

A

Most likely: epithelial cells (skin, hepatocytes, mucosa)

Medium likelihood: smooth muscle, bone, cartilage

Least likely: striated muscle

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14
Q

Is metaplasia neoplastic ? Is it reversible

A

Not neoplastic

It is reversible

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15
Q

You notice a growth to be pendunculated and encapsulated. It also appears to be expansile. Do these features suggest benign or malignant

A

Benign

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16
Q

A growth is infiltatrive. Would you consider this to be malignant

A

Yes - infiltrative neoplasms are usually malignant

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17
Q

What two growth behaviour features almost always indicate malignancy

A

Metastasis

Infiltrative

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18
Q

Fill in the chart

A
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19
Q

What are some gross features of a tumor that indicate malignancy

A

Necrosis

Hemorrhage

Both indicate its outgrown its blood supply

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20
Q

Is this likely benign or malignant

A

Malignant

  • Necrosis
  • Hemorrhage
  • Infiltrative (lack of distinct borders)

Biliary carcinoma

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21
Q

Is this likely benign or malignant

A

Malignant

  • Infiltrative (spleen is enlarged)
  • Lymphoma*
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22
Q

Is this likely benign or malignant

A

Malignant

  • Invasive
  • Hemangiosarcoma*
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23
Q

Which is benign? Which is malignant?

A

Left: benign

  • Distinct borders (not infiltrative)
  • Pedunculated

Right: malignant

  • Infiltrative
  • No demarcation from surrounding tissue
  • Necrotic
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24
Q

Benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

  • No demarcation
  • Infiltrative

Oral fibrosarcoma

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25
Q

What neoplastic features are evident in this nasal cell carcinoma?

A
  • Nests of cells
  • Moderate amount of stroma
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26
Q

What evidence of neoplasia are in this adenocarcinoma?

A
  • Acinar cells (tubular arrangment) — but ademoas are already tubular??
  • Scant stroma
  • Necrosis –> malignant
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27
Q

What evidence of neoplasia is here

A
  • Sheets of spindle tumor cells surrounding normal tubular cells
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28
Q

What neoplastic feature is here

A
  • Sheets of cells
  • Little stroma

Lymphoma

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29
Q

Tumor cells are well differentiated with copious stroma. Based on these features, is this tumor benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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30
Q

Your report states a tumor had anaplastic cells. Is it likely benign or malignant

A

Malignant – *anaplastic usually means malignant!

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31
Q

Do malignant tumors often have a lot of stroma?

A

No - usually scant stroma

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32
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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33
Q

Is a localized tissue benign or malignant

A

Benign

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34
Q

Is a locally invasive tumor benign or malignant

A

Malignant

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35
Q

Epithelial tumors include cells from which tissues (7)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Respiratory
  3. GI
  4. Urinary
  5. Repro
  6. Glands
  7. Neuroectoderm –> melanocytes
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36
Q

Benign epithelial tumors are called…

A

Non-glandular = oma

Glandular = adenoma

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37
Q

Malignant epithelial tumors are called

A

Non-glandular: carcinoma

Glandular: adenocarcinoma

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38
Q

Mesenchymal tumors are cells from which tissues (5)

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle
  3. Blood cells
  4. Endothelial cells
  5. Menigens, synovium
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39
Q

Shape of mesenchymal tumor cells

A

Spindle

40
Q

Nomenclature of mesenchymal tumors

A

Benign = oma

Malignant = sarcoma

41
Q

A sarcoma comes from which cells

A

Mesenchymal

42
Q

A carcinoma comes from which cells

A

Epithelial

43
Q

Is a glioblastoma benign or malignant

A

Malignant! (despite having ‘oma’)

44
Q

Tumor of melanocytes in vet med

A

Malignant melanoma

45
Q

Malignant tumor of blood cells

A

Leukemia

46
Q

Are all mast cell tumors malignant

A

Yes - grade I to III

47
Q

Name of a malignant tumor of plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

48
Q

Whats a tumor that contains cells from mixed germ layers? Is it usually benign or malignant?

A

Teratoma

Benign

49
Q

Whats a tumor that contains different cell types that originate from the same germ layer

A

Mixed-cell tumor

50
Q

Name for benign and malignant cartilage tumors

A

Benign: chondroma

Malignant: chrondosarcoma (mesenchymal origin)

51
Q

Name for benign and maligant hepatocyte neoplasms

A

Benign: hepatoma

Malignant: hepatocellular carcinoma (epithelial orign)

52
Q

Name of benign and malignant sebaceous gland neoplasms

A

Benign: sebacenous adenoma

Malignant: sebaceous adenocarcinoma

53
Q

When is a tumor grossly detectable

A

1cm (= 109 cells) - after 30 rounds of reptition

54
Q

Stages of carcinogenesis (and what each stage produces)

A

1) Initiation: irreversible genetic changes to cell

  • Target DNA
  • Affects how cell replicates
  • Produces an initiated cell

2) Promotion

  • Factors that act on cell to promote growth
  • Reversible
  • Produces a benign or preneoplastic growth

3) Progression

  • Produces malignant tumor
  • Irreversible
55
Q

T/F multiple mutations will always result in a malignancy

A

False

56
Q

T/F - hyperplasia has to occur for a tumor to become malignant

A

False

57
Q

What are normal cellular genes that regulate cell growth

A

Proto-oncogenes. When deregulated, they become oncogenes

58
Q

Primary genes that are targeted in cancer (5)

A

Genes that:

  1. Regulate cell growth (proto-oncogenes)
  2. Inhibit cell growth (tumor suppressor genes –> results in uncontrolled proliferation)
  3. Regulate apoptosis (increased life-span)
  4. Regulate DNA repair (enhanced survival of cells with DNA damage)
  5. Promote cell movement (invasion/metastasis)
59
Q

What type of metastasis

A

Implantation (transcoemic)

60
Q

Which tumors commonly metastasize by implantation

A

Carcinomas, mesothiomas (malignant mesothelial cells lining serosal surfaces)

61
Q

Which cancer type is spread hematogenously

A

Sarcomas (carcinomas tend to have own rich blood supply so dont invade blood vessels)

62
Q

Does hemangious spread usually occur in veins or arteries? Why?

A

Veins - thinner walls, easier to penetrate

63
Q

Which organ is a common site for metastasis

A

Lungs –> blood vessels go there

64
Q

Which tumor cells tend to metastatize by lymphatic

A

Carcinomas

(some sarcoma)

65
Q

Is an amellanoic melanocyte in a melanoma be more likely to be benign or mallignant

A

Malignant - non-functional cell

66
Q

Are the cells in this lymph node malignant or benign

A

Malignant - different cells from lymphocytes, indicating metastasis

  • Gastric adenocarcinoma cells in LN –> node the glandular, epithelial cells*
  • LNs should only have lymphocytes and WBCs*
67
Q

Types of stroma in tumors (3)

A

1) Angiogenesis
2) Fibroplasia
3) Inflammation

68
Q

How does tumor angiogenesis occur (3)

A

1) Tumors secrete pro-angionic factors
2) Tumors induce secretion from other cells
3) Hypoxia

69
Q

Fibrous capsules are seen in benign or malignant tumors

A

Benign

70
Q

Is inflammation associated with tumors protective?

A

No

71
Q

Can inflammation cause neoplasia

A

Yes - ie sunburn

72
Q

T/F - estrogen has been proven to increase the likelihood of mammary cancer in dogs and cats

A

True

73
Q

What is the biggest cause of all mutations in human cancers

A

R mutations

Copying errors – random mistakes in DNA replication

74
Q

How many critical gene mutations are required before a cancer develops

A

2+

75
Q

Chemicals are what type of carcinogens (initiator, promoter, progressor)

A

Initiator

76
Q

Which organs tend to be targets of chemical carcinogens

A

Organs involved in metabolism –> liver

Indirect effet of chemicals: being activated

77
Q

Which fungus species produces a carcinogenic toxin

A

Aspergillus – produces Aflatoxin B1

Indirectly acting chemical carcinogen

78
Q

Whats a direct acting chemical carcinogen

A

Doesnt require metabolic activation.

Usually weak.

Includes drugs (+ cancer drugs - Cyclosporin, Tomoxifen)

79
Q

What’s p53

A

Tumor suppressor gene

80
Q

Which plant causes bladder neoplasm in cows

A

Bracken fern toxicity - chemical carcinogen

81
Q

Vaccine induced sarcomas are an example of what type of carcinogen

A

Chemical

82
Q

Mechanisms for vaccine-associate sarcomas

A

Inflammation –> fibroplasia —> neoplasm

83
Q

Viruses that can be oncogenic (3)

A

1) Papillomavirus - warts that can regress spontaneously or cause neoplasm
2) Herpesvirus - Marek’s disease with neoplastic lymphocytes
3) Retrovirus - viral DNA into host genome. BLV - cause B-cell lymphoma; FeLV

84
Q

How is FeLV carcinogenic

A

Promoter of malignant transformation

2 ways

  • Direct effect on viral host genome
  • Immunosuppressive
85
Q

Which parasite species is known to cause neoplasm

A

Spirocerca lupi

  • Esophageal nematode causing granulomas in dogs
  • Can cause esophageal fibrosarcoma or osteosarcoma
86
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Systemic clinical signs caused by tumor products

ie - anorexia leading to cachexia

87
Q

Most common paraneoplastic syndrome in animals

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

Stimulation of PTH to breakdown bones and increase renal tubular resorption

88
Q

Paraneoplastic effect of mast cell tumors

A

Gastric ulcers (due to release of proteases, histamine and heparaine )

89
Q

Tumor related causes of anemia

A
  • Chemo
  • Vascular damage caused by tumor
  • Decreased erythropoiesis
  • Erythrocyte fragmentation due to passage of RBCs through abnormal blood vessels (hemangiosarcomas)
90
Q

Main immunological defense against tumor outgrowth

A

Innate immune system - NK cells and macrophages

91
Q

How are NK cells activated to respond to tumors

A

IL-12 from macrophages

Interferons by virus-infected cells

92
Q

Macrophages activated by which cytokine are especially effective against tumors

A

IFN-gamma

93
Q

FeLV inserts which proteins on neoplastic T-cells?

A

FOCMA

Cats with antibodies to FOCMA are resistant to FeLV

94
Q

Are granulosa cell tumors benign, malignant or both

A

Benign always

95
Q

What do you call a benign squamous cell tumor

A

Papilloma

96
Q

Which tumors cause hypercalemia? How?

A

Lymphoma

Anal sac aprocine gland

Secrete PTH like substance

97
Q

What are risk factors for cancer **

A
  1. Hereditary (species, breed, sex, skin coat, pigment)
  2. Age
  3. Behaviour (sun exposure, biting, sexual behaviour)
  4. Disease

Pathology (8 decks)

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