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Pathobiology Exam 2 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Non-Neoplastic Cell Growth

A

Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and Dysplasia

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2
Q

Malignant Cell Growth

A

Anaplasia

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3
Q

Hypertrophy examples

A

Phy: Uterine enlargement
Path: Cardiac enlargement with hypertension

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4
Q

Hyperplasia examples

A

Phy: Gland epithelial proliferation of breast at puberty
Path: Endometrial hyperplasia with menorrhagia

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5
Q

Metaplasia examples

A

Lung Cancer - Normal ciliated columnar replaced with squamos cells
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma - Normal stratified squamos of lower esophagus with columnar goblet cells

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6
Q

Tumor Components

A

Parenchyma - Biologic behavior, Stroma - Support (Non-neoplastic, CT, Blood vessels and inflammatory cells)

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7
Q

“-carcinoma”

A

Malignant, Older, Lymph

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8
Q

“-sarcoma”

A

Malignant, Younger, Hematogenous

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9
Q

Teratoma

A

Congenital, Multipotential cells, Hair, Teeth, Bone, Benign (more common) in women, Malignant in men

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10
Q

Hamartoma

A

Disorganized tissue indigenous to site

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11
Q

Choristoma

A

Congenital anomaly

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12
Q

Cancer New Cases

A

Prostate/Breast
Lung&Bronchus
Colon&Rectum

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13
Q

Cancer Deaths

A

Lung&Bronchus
Prostate/Breast
Colon&Rectum

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14
Q

Genetic Predispositon

A

5-10%, BRCA 1 & 2 gene mutation, MEN, Familial adenomatous polyposia, Li-Fraumeni, Xeroderma pigmentosum, Familial retinoblastoma, Neurofibromatosis

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15
Q

Environment/Lifestyle

A

75-80%,

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16
Q

Greatest modifiable risk factor for cancer

A

Cigarette smoking

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17
Q

Second most common cause of lung cancer

A

Radon - Decay of uranium, in quarries, mines, seeps into home basements

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18
Q

Diet Carcinogens

A

Red meats, Beta carotene, Drinking water with arsenic, Grains, nuts or pulses harboring aflatoxins

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19
Q

Oncogenic Viruses

A

RNA: HTLV -1
DNA: HPV, EBV, HEP B/C

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20
Q

Precancers

A

Leukoplakia - Squamos cell carcinoma
Chronic atrophic gastritis - Gastric carcinoma in pernicious anemia
Chronic ulcerative colitis - Colorectal carcionoma
Villous adenoma of colon - Colorectal carcinoma

21
Q

Oral Precancer

A

Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, Smokeless tobacco keratosis, Lichen planus, Reverse smokers palate, Oral submucous fibrosis, Actinic cheilosis

22
Q

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

A

Smooth, red tongue, Sideropenic dysphagia due to iron deficiency anemia, Esophageal webs, Squamos cell carcinoma of esophagus and pharynx

23
Q

MYC

A

Proto-Oncogene
Nucleus of all cells
Over expressed - Increase CDK, Cycle to active phase (G1 to S)

24
Q

RAS

A

Proto-Oncogene
Common mutation
Overactive sign to uncontrolled proliferation

25
Q

TP53

A 
p53 - Tumor Suppressor gene
Anti-proliferative effects
DNA Damage repair
Apoptosis, Affect my stress
MOST common mutation
26
Q

Gene Change in Cancer

A

Balanced translocation, Deletion, Gene amplification

27
Q

BCR-ABL

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome, Translocation 9 & 22

28
Q

EGFR

A

Activation to Cyclin activator to proliferation in OSCC

29
Q

HPV infection

A

Into host genome, Increase E6 and E7, E6 binds p53, E7 binds Rb

30
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer

A 
Growth signals
Bodys signals to stop
Evade apoptosis
Limitless replication
Improved blood supply
Invade and Metastasize
Deregulate cell energetics
Avoid Immune destruction
Genome instability 
Tumor promoting inflammation
31
Q

Cancer elicit

A

CD8+ T cell response

32
Q

Marker of Prostatic Carcinoma

A

Acid Phosphatase

PSA

33
Q

Marker of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Germ Cell tumors

A

Alpha Fetoprotein

34
Q

Marker of GI Carcinoma

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

35
Q

Paraneoplastic Pemphigus

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Castlemann disease, Lung carcinoma, Malignant melanoma, Thymoma; Autoimmune disorder - Tumor antigens trigger immune response in skin blisters

36
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor - Increased angiogenesis, Embryonic circulatory system, Lung, Breast and Colon cancer

37
Q

Common Sites of Metastasis

A

Bone, Liver, Lungs

38
Q

Oral Cancer Metastasis

A

Cervical nodes inlarge, Firm, Painless, Fixed (matted), May move sideways, Distant = “Below clavicle”

39
Q

Breast Cancer Metastasis

A

Axillary lymph nodes, Lymphedema

40
Q

Lung Cancer Metastasis

A

Bronchial lymph node

41
Q

Sarcoma Metastasis

A

Pulmonary metastases

42
Q

Grading Differentiation

A

Grade I: Well differentiated
Grade II: Moderately differentiated
Grade III and IV: Poorly differentiated

43
Q

Anaplasia

A

“Form backwards,” Undifferentiated, Primitive cells - High malignancy, Stem cells of some undergo divergent differentiation, Epithelial and mesenchymal, Certain tumors induce stromal change or fibrosis

44
Q

TNM

A

Tumor size (0-3)
Presence of tumor in local/regional lymph nodes (0-2)
Presence of tumor at distant site (Beyond nodes; 0-X)

45
Q

Therapy

A

Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy

Hormone Therapy, Immune Therapy and Targeted Therapy

46
Q

Premalignant/Malignant Skin Lesion

A

Pre: Actinic Keratosis (Most common, Actinic cheillitis in lips)
Malignant: Basal cell carcinoma, Squamos cell carcinoma, Melanoma

47
Q

Nevi VS Melanoma

A 
Nevi = "Mole" Acquired, Benign neoplasm of melanocytic origin, Common, Intraoral - Palate, Muccobuccal fold and Gingiva; Junctional, Compound and Intradermal; Congenital;
Melanoma = Malignant neoplasm of melanocytic origin, UV, Deaths
48
Q

Types of Melanomas

A

Superficial Spreading Melanoma: Most common
Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: Elder, Sun exposed skin
Acral Lentiginous melanoma: Palmes and Soles of feet, sugungal areas, Common in backs, Mucous membranes
Nodular Melanoma: Amelanotic melanoma

49
Q

ABCDE of Melanoma

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolution

Pathobiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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