Neoplasia Flashcards
Dysplasia
Reversible, abnormal growth/development of tissue/organs/cells. removal of stimulus –> reverses to normal cell type. Closely resembles normal cells. Still DIFFERENTIATED.
Anaplasia
Irreversible reversion of cells to a less differentiated/undifferentiated form. Associated with tumor growth, Dysplastic + continuation of stimulus causing growth = anaplasia.
mesenchymal cell tumors
Benign- oma suffix. Malignant- sarcoma.
Epithelial cell tumors
benign- oma, malignant- carcinoma
Sarcoma
malignant mesenchymal cells. Tends to use hematagenous spread
Carcinoma
Malignant epithelial cell. Tends to use lymph system to spread.
Tumor grading
assesses extent of cancer
Grade I
low grade. Cancer cells are well differentiated and slow growing. (tissues more dysplastic than anaplastic) Reversible if stimulus is removed.
Grade II
Intermediate grade. Cancer cellslook only moderately differentiated and grow faster than cells at G I
Grade III
High grade. Cancer cells are poorly differentiated and aggressively spread
Grade IV
High grade. Cancer cells undifferentiated.
Tumor staging
describes invasion of tumor
Stage 0
Carcinoma in situ ( new cell growth within tissue but still dysplastic)
Stage I
tumor is localized (has NOT metastasized), has not spread to lymph. < 2 cm
Stage II
tumor has invaded tissue, may have spread to lymph nodes (has metastasized), 2-5 cm in size.
Stage III
Tumor has spread into lymph nodes and locally more advanced.
Stage IV
tumor has metastasized to other organs.
Carcinogenesis
process by which we develop cancerous cells (before grades/stages) KNOW THIS. “Pooping in public can probably cause shyness”= 1-Procarcinogen to carcinogen (initial step). 2-initiation. 3-promotion. 4-conversion. 5- progression. 6-clonal expansion. 7-selection.
First step in carcinogenosis= “Pooping”
Procarcinogen –> carcinogen. Caused by stimulus of carcinogen + weakened immune system
2 of carcinogenosis = “in”
(initiation) Carcinogen acts on DNA to induce irreversible genetic change. This has created a new cell, however still closely resembles host cell
3 of carcinogenosis. “public”
(Promotion) Cells are stimulated to proliferate. Stimulus of carcinogen is still driving proliferation. removal of stimulus + amazing immune can remove cancer (not by reversing cells but by killing bad ones off)
4 carcinogenosis “can”
(Conversion) Genetically altered cells have ability to proliferate on their own and are giving rise to a new cell type. Stimulus no longer needed for growth.
5 carcinogenosis “probably”
(Progression) Expression of new genetic features and proliferation of new genetic cell. New function possible,, however overall functional loss with new cells.
6 carcinogenesis “cause”
(Clonal expansion) Cells grow and give rise to daughter cells/clones. “Survival of the fittest”. Cancerous can cause cell death of surrounding tissue by causing them to express a protein that tags them for immune-led death.
