Neoplasia

Question 1

Dysplasia

Answer 1

Reversible, abnormal growth/development of tissue/organs/cells. removal of stimulus –> reverses to normal cell type. Closely resembles normal cells. Still DIFFERENTIATED.

Question 2

Anaplasia

Answer 2

Irreversible reversion of cells to a less differentiated/undifferentiated form. Associated with tumor growth, Dysplastic + continuation of stimulus causing growth = anaplasia.

Question 3

mesenchymal cell tumors

Answer 3

Benign- oma suffix. Malignant- sarcoma.

Question 4

Epithelial cell tumors

Answer 4

benign- oma, malignant- carcinoma

Question 5

Sarcoma

Answer 5

malignant mesenchymal cells. Tends to use hematagenous spread

Question 6

Carcinoma

Answer 6

Malignant epithelial cell. Tends to use lymph system to spread.

Question 7

Tumor grading

Answer 7

assesses extent of cancer

Question 8

Grade I

Answer 8

low grade. Cancer cells are well differentiated and slow growing. (tissues more dysplastic than anaplastic) Reversible if stimulus is removed.

Question 9

Grade II

Answer 9

Intermediate grade. Cancer cellslook only moderately differentiated and grow faster than cells at G I

Question 10

Grade III

Answer 10

High grade. Cancer cells are poorly differentiated and aggressively spread

Question 11

Grade IV

Answer 11

High grade. Cancer cells undifferentiated.

Question 12

Tumor staging

Answer 12

describes invasion of tumor

Question 13

Stage 0

Answer 13

Carcinoma in situ ( new cell growth within tissue but still dysplastic)

Question 14

Stage I

Answer 14

tumor is localized (has NOT metastasized), has not spread to lymph. < 2 cm

Question 15

Stage II

Answer 15

tumor has invaded tissue, may have spread to lymph nodes (has metastasized), 2-5 cm in size.

Question 16

Stage III

Answer 16

Tumor has spread into lymph nodes and locally more advanced.

Question 17

Stage IV

Answer 17

tumor has metastasized to other organs.

Question 18

Carcinogenesis

Answer 18

process by which we develop cancerous cells (before grades/stages) KNOW THIS. “Pooping in public can probably cause shyness”= 1-Procarcinogen to carcinogen (initial step). 2-initiation. 3-promotion. 4-conversion. 5- progression. 6-clonal expansion. 7-selection.

Question 19

First step in carcinogenosis= “Pooping”

Answer 19

Procarcinogen –> carcinogen. Caused by stimulus of carcinogen + weakened immune system

Question 20

2 of carcinogenosis = “in”

Answer 20

(initiation) Carcinogen acts on DNA to induce irreversible genetic change. This has created a new cell, however still closely resembles host cell

Question 21

3 of carcinogenosis. “public”

Answer 21

(Promotion) Cells are stimulated to proliferate. Stimulus of carcinogen is still driving proliferation. removal of stimulus + amazing immune can remove cancer (not by reversing cells but by killing bad ones off)

Question 22

4 carcinogenosis “can”

Answer 22

(Conversion) Genetically altered cells have ability to proliferate on their own and are giving rise to a new cell type. Stimulus no longer needed for growth.

Question 23

5 carcinogenosis “probably”

Answer 23

(Progression) Expression of new genetic features and proliferation of new genetic cell. New function possible,, however overall functional loss with new cells.

Question 24

6 carcinogenesis “cause”

Answer 24

(Clonal expansion) Cells grow and give rise to daughter cells/clones. “Survival of the fittest”. Cancerous can cause cell death of surrounding tissue by causing them to express a protein that tags them for immune-led death.

Question 25

7 Carcinogenesis “shyness”

Answer 25

Selection. Expression of most vital clones. One cell arises as dominant cell.

Question 26

Parenchyma

Answer 26

Transformed/anaplastic cells

Question 27

Stroma

Answer 27

Connective tissue, rich in blood vessels