Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathological processes > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

an abnormal growth of cells that persists after initial stimulation is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

What is a benign neoplasm?

A
  • it invades surrounding tissues and has potential to grow to distant sites (a cancer)
  • it remains localised and will not spread to other sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a tumour

A

a clinically detectable lump or swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

a premalignant state where cells have disordered tissue organisation but not yet neoplastic- it is reversible (unlike neoplasms which are irreversible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a nonneoplastic tumour?

A

haematoma

abcess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is neoplasia reversible?

A

no never :(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance of a benign vs maligant tumour?

A

benign: grow in confined area, have a pushing but defined outer margin, well differentiated (look like parent tissue)
malignant: irregular outer margin and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration (if on surface), can be very well or very poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance of cells with poor differentiation (do not resemble parent tissue)

A
  • increasing nuclear size
  • decreasing cytoplasmic space
  • more mitotic figures (mercedes benz sign)
  • irregular shapes and sizes (pleomorphism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference in appearance and prognosis or high vs low grade cancers?

A

high grade= poorly differentiated and worse prognosis

low grade= good differentiation and better prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

can dysplasia be asessed by level of differentiation?

A

yes - CIN1 to CIN3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What genes need to be mutated for a neoplasm to arise?

A
  • a tumor suppressor gene needs to be inactivated
    or
  • a proto- onco gene needs to be mutated to an oncogene (activated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between an initiator and a promotor?

A

initiator: substance that causes mutations - e.g.: smoking
promotor: substance that causes cell proliferation and so you get an expanded population of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does a cancer arise/progress over time?

What 4 classes of regulatory genes are affected by these mutations?

A
  • Stepwise accumulation of complimentary mutations over time.
    1) Proto-oncogenes - mutated to oncogenes and encode oncoproteins which promote cell growth in absence of growth promoting signals (gain of function mutations)
    2) Tumour supressor genes - normally stop cell proliferation, mutations required to both alleles to cause loss of function (failure of growth inhibition)
    3) Apoptosis regulating genes - may lead to enhanced survival of cells
    4) DNA repair genes - loss of function mutations, inability to recognise and repair non-lethal genetic damage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What features of a neoplasm does the new naming system take account of?

A

origin, benign or malignant, type of tissue formed and morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tissue is affected if the prefix is:

  • leiomyo
  • osteo
  • fibro
  • chondro
  • lipo
  • glio
  • neuro
  • neurofibro
A
  • smooth muscle
  • bone
  • fibrous tissue
  • cartilage
  • fat
  • glial cells
  • neurones
  • nerve sheaths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the suffix for a benign neoplasm?

A
  • oma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name for a benign neoplasm of epethilia?

A

papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

benign neoplasm of a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the name for a malignant epithilal neoplasm?

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name for a malignant neoplasm of a gland?

A

adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when is the suffix ‘-sarcoma’ used?

A

for a malignancy of connective tissue (chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between a leukaemia and a lymphoma?

A

leukaemia is malignancy of blood forming cells in bone marrow
lymphoma is malignancy of lymphocytes, mainly affecting lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

malignancy of plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do germ line neoplasms arise?

A

from pluripotent cells of testis or ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a blastoma?

A

a malignant neoplasm of immature precursor cells, usually occurring in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a burkitt lymphoma?

A
  • B cell lymphoma associated with EBV and malaria, most common in africa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a ewings sarcoma?

A

malignant tumour of bone, that usually presents in childhood/ adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is hodgkins lymphoma?

A

a malignant lyphocyte neoplasm characterised by presence of reed- sternberg cells. It is less common and often less aggressive than non hodgkins lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

a malignant neoplasm derived from vascular endothilium, commonly associated with AIDS and herpes virus 8- presents with red patches

30
Q

What is a tetroma?

A

a neoplasm of germline origin that forms from ecto, meso or endoderm in embryological development. They most commonly occur in gonads and can have hair and teeth ect

31
Q

What are the 4 steps to a neoplasm metastasising?

A

1) growth at primary site
2) enter transport system and lodge at secondary site
3) grow at secondary site to form new tumour (colonisation)
4) evade immune systems at all times

32
Q

Describe the process of invasion of a secondary site

A
  • altered adhesion to current location by changing e- cadherin and integrin expression
  • stromal proteolysis- degradation of basement membrane by expressing MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases)
  • change cytoskeleton to allow it to move more easily
  • take advantage of new environment (niche) created by non-neoplastic cells, which will provide proteases and growth factors
  • The Rho family of G proteins cause differential expression of integrin which helps it adhere later
33
Q

What is a name for a cluster of cells that has managed to lodge at a secondary site but failed to grow into a clinically detectable tumour?

A

a micrometastesis

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of micrometastases?

A

they lay dormant in apparently disease free people and they start to grow later on causing a relapse

35
Q

Why may a clump of cells lodged at a secondary site fail to grow?

A
  • immune attack
  • lack of angiogenesis
  • hostile secondary site
36
Q

How can malignancies be transported around the body?

A

1) blood vessels
2) lymphatic vessels
3) fluid in body cavities (pleura, peritoneal, pericardial and brain ventricles)

37
Q

If a metasteses spreads via blood, where will it often end up?

A
  • liver
  • lungs
  • first capillary beds
  • also bone and brain
38
Q

What phenomenon explains unpredictable spread of blood bourne tumours?

A

the seed- soil phenomenon

- they grow in favourable areas

39
Q

by what systems do carcinomas tend to travel?

A
  • lymphatics first

- then blood

40
Q

by hat systems do sarcomas tend to travel?

A
  • directly into blood stream
41
Q

What neoplasms most commonly spread to the bone?

A 
breast
bronchus 
kidney
thyroid 
prostate
42
Q

What is meant by tumours having personailities

A

some are more aggressive and metastasise more early than others

43
Q

Describe the local effects of tumours

A
  • destruction of normal tissue
  • ulceration at surfaces lead to bleeding
  • compression of adjacent structures (lymphatics, veins)
  • blocking of tubes and orifices (bowel)
  • raised pressure due to growth or swelling (brain)
44
Q

Describe the systemic effects of cancers? (benign neoplasms only have local effects)

A
  • increased tumour burden leads to cytokine release: reduced appetite, weightloss, malaise, immunosurpression, thrombosis
  • in endocrine glands leading to hormone imbalences: eg prolactinoma
  • also:
  • neuropathies
  • skin problems and puritis
  • abnormal pigmentation
  • fever
  • myosistists (pain and weakness of muscles)
45
Q

Which benign tumours can cause high serum calcium?

A
  • parathyroid adenoma releasing more parathyroid so more bone breakdown, kidney reabsorbtion and GI absorbtion
46
Q

Which cancers can cause high serum calcium?

A
  • squamous cell carcinomas releasing PTHrp

- myeloma, osteosarcoma ect causing increased bone breakdown

47
Q

What tumours can cause anaemia?

A
  • myeloma (bone marrow)
  • leukaemia
  • bowel cancer- due to bleeding
48
Q

How do maligancies cause weight loss?

A

release of cytokines:

  • loss of appetite
  • breakdown of muscle
  • higher metabolic rate
49
Q

What are the risk factors for malignant melanoma?

A
  • women
  • many naevi (moles/ birth marks)
  • short sharp bursts of intense sun exposure with severe sunburn especially in childhood
  • white skin
  • pesticide exposure
  • high socioeconomic group
50
Q

How do malignant melanomas present?

A
  • legions on skin that have changed in size, shape, colou
  • or that inflame, ooze, change in sensation or are larger than 7mm diameter
  • or that are assymeterical, have irregular boarders, have irregular colour
  • could present as breast, lymph node, lung or colon metastesis
51
Q

What is a high risk complication of pancreatic adenoma?

A
  • spread to liver causing jaundice and coagulation defects

- presentation will vary depending on glands effected

52
Q

What is a carcinoid tumour?

A

cancer of neuroendocrine system of intestine

- can be found in appendix but also stomach, pancreas, breast or kidney

53
Q

How do carcinoid tumours commonly present?

A
  • pain on right side of abdomen
  • weightloss
  • palpable masses in abdomen
  • GI obstruction
  • tricuspid valve regurg fro heart failure
  • increased fibrosis, often leading to urether obstruction
  • trypotphan/ niacin deficiency (leads to hypoalbuminaemia)
  • also hepatomegaly
54
Q

What are common complications of carcinoid tumours?

A
  • appendicitis
  • bowel obstruction
  • carcinoid crisis- tumour outgrows blood supply and releases vasoactive substances causing tachycardia, cardiovasular collapse and altered mental state
  • metastasise
  • carcinoid syndrome- flushing after some food, diarrhoea, vomiting ect
55
Q

What is a annular tumour?

A

one that encircles a lumen like a napkin ring

56
Q

What is the difference between exophytic and endophytic growth?

A

exophytic is growth out from a surface, there are more commonly benign
endophytic growth is growth inwards into the tissue

57
Q

What is a kruckenburg tumour?

A

a tumour metastatic to the ovaries, usually arising from GI tumours- especially from the stomach

58
Q

What is the difference between a polypoid tumour and a papillary tumour?

A

papillary tumours are finger like projections whereas polyps are exophytic masses on stalks

59
Q

What is the macroscopic appearance of a tumour described as sessile?

A

they are raised exophytic tumours but flat

60
Q

What is epethilial to mesenchyme transition?

A

the changes that occur to a neoplasm to allow it to become malignant- changes in cell adhesion, motility and ability to break down stromal tissue

61
Q

What type of proteases do malignant cells secrete to degrade connective tissue?

A

metalloproteases (MMPs)

62
Q

What does carcinomatosis mean?

A

extensive metatstatic disease - many carcinomas in many sites due yo

63
Q

In which age group does osteosarcoma occur?

A

the young (10-20)

64
Q

What are the microscopic differences between benign and malignant neoplasms ?

A
  • benign has smaller nuclei and normal shapes
  • malignant cells have more nuclei: cytoplasm ratio
  • malignant has darker cytoplasmic staining as more nuclear stuff in nuclei
  • malignant has mitotic figures
65
Q

What do reed sternburg cells look like? (From Hodgkin lymphoma)

A

They look like eggs/ boobs

66
Q

What do squamous cell carcinomas look like?

A

There will be keratin in middle of islands

. (Circular islands with onion peel like centre )

67
Q

What do adenocarcinoma look like ?

A

More glands, glands being made wheee they’re not meant too be. Other than squamous carcinoma it is one of the one we should really be able to identify so can guess it is this if no keratin

68
Q

What do malignant melanoma look like under microscope?

A

Skin with lots of more brown stuff in dermis

69
Q

What is a fibroid are they common and what symptoms do they cause

A

Leimyoma in uterus
Very common
Cause infertility, pain, bleeding ect

70
Q

Are teratomas often malignant in men and women

A

In men almost always in women rarely

Pathological processes (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions