Neoplasia

Question 1

Neoplasm definition

Answer 1

Mass of abnormal cells that are proliferating at a rapid and excessive rate
Respond poorly to normal growth regulating mechanisms and grow autonomously
Tumor=neoplasm

Question 2

Benign neoplasm

Answer 2

Localized and incapable of metastasis
Well circumscribed and sometimes have capsule
Slow growth
Curable if excised
General not a life threat (AV node can trigger fatal arrythmia)
Well differentiated (close to normal tissue from which it arose)

Question 3

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 3

Capable of metastasis
Not encapsulated and ill-defined (will invade surrrounding)
Tendency toward anaplasia (not well differentiated)
Rapid grwoth
Serious life threat

Question 4

Malignant tumor life threats

Answer 4

Multiorgan failure due to metastasis
Anorexia/cachexia syndrome - tumor secretes things that eliminate appetite and cause wasting of bodyu
Other things

Question 5

Nomenclatures

Answer 5

Based on tissue/cell type of origination and whether benign or malignant

Question 6

Benign neoplasms

Answer 6

Name of tissue origin and oma
Lipo
Leiomyoma
Adenomas

Question 7

Oma exception

Answer 7

Lymphoma - lymph nodes
Melanoma - skin
Seminoma - testicular

Question 8

Carcinoma

Answer 8

From epithelial cells

Question 9

Squamous carcinomas

Answer 9

From squamous epithelium
From skin (epidermis)
Uterine cervix 
Esophagus
Lungs from squamous metaplasia within bronchus

Question 10

Adenocarcinomas

Answer 10

From gladnular
Panceratic
Lung
Colon

Question 11

Transitional cell carcinomas

Answer 11

Only in GU tract
Bladder
Ureters
Renal Pelvis

Question 12

Sarcoma and types

Answer 12

From mesenchymal tissues 
Liposarcoma 
Lieomyosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma

Question 13

Grading

Answer 13

Represents histologic assessment

Question 14

Grade 1

Answer 14

Well differentiated and closely resembles normal

Can be confused with benign

Question 15

Grade 2

Answer 15

Moderately well differentiated so has a fair amount of anaplaisa

Question 16

Grade 3

Answer 16

Poorly differentiated…almost total anaplasia

Question 17

Staging according to

Answer 17

Size
Whether or not metastasized to lymph nodes
And whether it has moved distantly

Question 18

1-4 staging

Answer 18

1 - Tumor is small and localized (no metastasis)
2 - Tumor is larger and spread to a few regional lymph nodes
3 - Tumor extensively to lymph nodes
4 - distantly metastasized

Question 19

TNM system

Answer 19

T - size (T1 small, T4 large)
N - whether regional lymph nodes involvement (N0 - none, N1- few, N3- lots)
M - distant metastases - M0 if none, M1 if any at all

Question 20

Tumor markers

Answer 20

Substances made by tumor cells and released into bloodstream
Detection can help aid in detection, tx, and recurrence
Not specific of sensitivi….those with marker may not have cancer and those with cancer may not have marker

Question 21

Paraneoplastic syndromes and examples

Answer 21

10% of all
Clinical symptoms caused by cancer NOT directly due to spread of cancer cells themselves NOR by substances normally made from tissue which the cancer arose
Small cell carcionma of lung may produce ACTH causing Cushing
Squamous cell carcinoma of lung may produce PTH like hormone leading to hypercalcemia
Fibrosarcoma may produce insulin leading to hyperglycemia