Neoplasia 3 Flashcards
What are the effect that tumour brings
1) Local effect
2) Hormonal effects
List all laboratory diagnosis of neoplasia
1) Histological diagnosis
2) Cytological diagnosis
3) Immunohistochemistry
4) Molecular diagnosis
5) Flow cytometry
6) Tumour markers
7) Hematological diagnosis
What is tumour markers
Biochemical indicators of presence of a tumour
where can u detect tumour markers
plasma or body secretions
Type of tumour markers
Oncofetal antigens
Hormones
Enzymes
Cell surface antigens
Cytoplasmic proteins
Clinically useful tumour markers
(Oncofetal antigens)
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen ( CEA)
Found normally in liver, gut, fetal liver.
can be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.
- Alpha feto-protein (AFP)
Present normally in fetal yolk sac and fetal liver
Elevated AFP levels in adults may indicate certain types of cancer, particularly liver cancer
measured by ultrasound, CT scan to diagnose and monitor liver cancer.
Clinically useful tumour markers
(Hormones)
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG):
Elevated levels of HCG can occur in hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma
Calcitonin:
Elevated levels of calcitonin; carcinoma of thyroids and lungs cancer
Catecholamines and Vinyl Mandellic Acid (VMA):
Elevated levels of catecholamines and their metabolite; pheochromocytoma (rare tumor of the adrenal glands)
Ectopic Hormones:
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Clinically useful tumour markers
(Isoenzymes)
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP):
a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE):
in Neuroblastoma, Neuro-endocrine tumour
Clinically useful tumour markers
(Cell surface antigens)
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA):
Elevated levels of PSA can occur in prostate cancer (Ca prostate)
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA):
Ca prostate
Clinically useful tumour markers
(Proteins)
Glycoproteins *** :
CA 125 – in Ca ovary
CA 19.9 – in Ca colon
CA 15.3 – in Ca breast
Immunoglobulins:
In multiple myeloma
Cytoplasmic proteins
