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Year 1 Pathological Processes > Neoplasia 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumours invading and metastasising increases …. ……

A

tumour burden

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2
Q

List the 3 steps to invasion and metastasis

A
  1. Growth and invasion in primary site
  2. Enter a transport system and travel to secondary site
  3. Grow at secondary site to make a tumour
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3
Q

Are the steps of metastasis efficient or not?

A

Not- the body has lots of defence mechanism so it takes lots of attempts for one to actually metastasise.

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4
Q

Altered Adhesion
Proteolyisis
Motility
are the three steps of what?

A

Invasion of cancer cells in to surrounding tissues.

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5
Q

What is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition?

A

When epithelial cancer cells invade local tissues they start to look more mesenchymal.

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6
Q

How do we alter adhesion between malignant cells for invasion?

A

down regulate e-cadherin and integrin

integrin attaches cells to the BM and e-cadherin links cells side by side

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7
Q

Which protease helps degrade the BM?

A

Matrix Metalloprotein

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8
Q

What is a cancer niche?

A

Neoplastic cells take advantage of surrounding normal cells that make growth factors and proteases.

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9
Q

What is the Rho family?

A

GPCR that allow intern signalling to actin for cytoskletal changes

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10
Q

Why do actin fillaments change in invasion?

A

For motility

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11
Q

Describe changes to ecadherin in metastis.

A

Down regulated in situ
Individual cells migrate to transport system
The ecaderins are then unregulated again so cells can migrate together.

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12
Q

What transport systems can cancer cells spread in?

A

Blood Vessels
Lymphatics
Fluid cavities - serousa fluid, brain ventricles etc

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13
Q

What is trancoelomic spread?

A

spread in the fluid cavities of the body

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14
Q

What is the greatest barrier to successful metastases formation?

A

Colonisation- growth of cancer cells at secondary site

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15
Q

If tumour cells arrive at a secondary site and don’t die or grow but can be seen only microscopically they are called what?

A

micrometasteses

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16
Q

What is tumour dormancy?

A

Apparently disease free individuals that harbour multiple undetectable micrometasteses.

17
Q

Why do people who are in remission sometimes develop cancer years later?

A

A micrometasteses suddenly starts to grow

18
Q

How do you predict where a tumour will metastasise to.?

A

Regional drainage of lymph, blood and any fluid cavities.
Seed and soil phenomenon states you need the right niche at the secondary site, which may be why some cancer metastesise in odd patterns.

19
Q

What factors contribute to the niche?

A

Stroma, fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells

20
Q

How do carcinomas tend to spread and how does that compare with sarcomas?

A

Carcinomas via lymph

Sarcomas via blood

21
Q

cancer that spreads in the blood tend to end up in which four places?

A

Lung
Bone
Liver
Brain

Blood (BLx2Done)

22
Q

Which cancers go to bone most commonly?

A 
Breast
Renal
Lung
Thyroid
Prostate
23
Q

How do we determine the likelyhood of metastesis?

A

Primary site and staging (TNM)

24
Q

How do tumours effect a host?

A

Local effects

Systemic effects- tumour burden, hormone secretion and others

25
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Systemic effects of tumours

26
Q

List local effects of tumours.

A

Direct invasion and destruction of local tissue
ulceration and bleeding
Compression
Blockages

27
Q

List clinical signs and symptoms of paraneoplastic syndorme.

A 
Cachexia- muscle wasting and weight loss
Loss of appetite 
Malaise
Immunosupression
Thrombosis
28
Q

How do you get the signs of increased tumour burden?

A

Tumour grows and cytokines are secreted

29
Q

Adenomas are …. …. of ….. tissue and so are ….. differentiated. This means they …. secrete hormones.

A

Bening tumours
Glandular
well
do

30
Q

Which malignant tumours make hormones?

A

Small cell - ACTH (cushing symptoms) or ADH (water retention with hypernatraemia)
Squamous cell- PTH like hormone

31
Q

List some more unusual systemic signs seen in cancer.

A 
Neuropathy 
Pruritis 
fever
Abnormal pigmentation 
Finger clubbing 
Myositis

Year 1 Pathological Processes (2 decks)

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