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mpharm stage 3 > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

“ALL” treatment induction therapy (children and adolescents)

A

children and adolescents: combo of
vincristine, desxamethosone and doxorubicin and L-asparaginase.

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2
Q

“ALL” treatment induction therapy (adults)

A

similar to children

But also with cyclophosphamide

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3
Q

“CLL” treatment (under 65)

A

under 65 yrs old:
- Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab (FCR)

alternatively rituximab and bendamustine, if not FCR compliant.

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4
Q

“CLL” treatment (over 65)

A

over 65 yrs old:
Chlorambucil by itself
or with obinutuzumab

or if high risk patient then: ibrutinib

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5
Q

“AML” treatment

A

cytarabine

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6
Q

“CML” inital features and terminal stage

A

intial stage:
bone marrow hyperplasia
acumulation of differentiated myeloid cells in peripheral blood

terminal:
- rapid acuumulation of blast cells in bone marrow
- supression of normal hematopoiesis

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7
Q

CML 3 stages

A

chronic : less than 10% blasts in peripheral blood/bone marrow

accelerated: 10-29% blasts

blast crisis: more than 30% blasts

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8
Q

CML diagnosis

A

fever, weight loss, night sweats, anemia

  • excess granulocytes

fatigue, bone pain, abdominal discomfort

proven therapy: HSCT
allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

other therapyL TKI-based therapy: can prolong “chronic phase”

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9
Q

hodgkins lymphoma risk factors

A

EBV infection (epstein barr virus)
reed sternberg cells

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10
Q

hodgkins lymphoma pathogenesis

A

Disruption of B-cell transcription process, preventing b cell surface marker expression and mRNA production

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11
Q

diagnosis of hodgkins lymphoma

A

biopsy of enalrged node

positron emission tomography (PET)

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12
Q

hodgkins lymphoma treatment

A

ABVD regimen
consits of:
doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine

for stage III/IV or CD30 positive: brentuximab vedotin in combo with AVD. not B

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13
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma complications

A

bone marrow faillure
CNS infiltration
thrombocytopenia

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14
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma treatment

A

R-CHOP

rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone.

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15
Q

common breast cancer symptoms

A

painless lump
discharge, warm skin, red skin, oedema.

metastatic spread symptoms: breathing difficulty, bone pain, hypercalcemia, jaundice.

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16
Q

breast cancer drug treatments and moa

A

1) tamoxifen:
moa: SERM that blocks estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells, inhibiting their growth.

2) anastrozole:
moa: reduces estrogen production

3) Capicasertib:
moa: targets protein kinase B, blocking cancer cell growth.

4) Trastuzumab:
moa: targets HER2 receptors, inhibiting their growth..

5) Zoledronic acid:
moa: Bisphosphonate that inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, reducing bone metastasis risk.

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17
Q

ovarian cancer symptoms

A

BEAT

Bloating that doesn’t go away
Eating difficulties
Aabdominal and pelvic pain
Toilet changes (bowel habits)

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18
Q

lab tests and imaging for ovarian cancer

A

FBC
liver and renal function test

imaging: abdominal ultrasonography, chest x ray, CT, MRI, PET scan

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19
Q

main type of prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

risk level and grading of proastate cancer based on PSA levels

where 10ng/ml is low
10-20 moderate
20+ is high

20
Q

examination for prostate cancer

A

digital rectal examination

advantages: safe and easy to perform

disadvantages:
- low sensitivity
- poor complinace
- subject to variability between different examiners.

21
Q

prostate cancer symptoms

A

uretral dysfunction
frequent urination
hesitancy
dribbling
impotence

advanced disease:
back pain
bone pain
anemia
weightloss
oedemea

22
Q

prostate cancer treatment

A

docetaxel
moa: inhibits microtubule depolymersiation, disrupting cell division

side effects: neutropenia, fatigue, neuropathy, alopecia, nausea, diarrhoea, nail changes.

23
Q

prostate cancer monitoring and followups

A

check PSA level every 6 months for 5 years

Digital rectal exam as well

24
Q

testicular cancer treatment

A

Bleomycin
moa: breaks DNA strands via free radical formation
side effects: pneumonitis, fever, skin changes.
monitor lung function

Etoposide:
moa: inhibits topoisomerase II, causing DNA damage.
side effects: hair loss, mouth sores, nausea, low blood counts.
monitor: bone marrow supression, kidney and liver function.

Cisplatin:
moa: crosslinks DNA, stopping cell division and replication causing cancer cell death.
side effects: nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, kidney toxicity
monitor: stay hydrated, kidney function

25
colorectal cancer diagnosis
colonoscopy flexible sigmoidoscopy double contrast barium enema CT scan stool DNA tests
26
colorectal cancer symptoms
change in bowel habits rectal bleeding nausea vomiting abdominal discomfort fatigue anemia
27
colorectal cancer treatment
1) Capecitabine: moa: inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking thymidylate synthase. side effects: diarrhoea, fatigue, hand-foot syndrome 2) Oxaliplatin moa: Forms DNA crosslinks → blocks replication side effects: peripheral neuropathy, nausea 3) 5-Fluorouracil moa: Inhibits thymidylate synthase → blocks DNA synthesis side effects: diarrhoea, low blood counts, mucositis.
28
which lung cancer is associated with smoking
small cell lung cancer SCLC: over expression of C-KIT protein smoking cessation reccomeneded
29
NSCLC
non small lung cell cancer over expression og epidermal growth dactor receptor (EGFR) spreads more slowly 3 main subtypes 1) Adenocarcinoma 2) Squamous Cell Carcinoma 3) Large Cell Carcinoma
30
lung cancer symptoms
symptoms are common late stage new/changing cough hoarseness of voice SOB weight loss lung infection swelling of face/arms couhging up blood difficulty breathing purulent sputum
31
lung cancer diagnosis
chest x ray CT scan PET scan biopsy bronchoscopy thoracentesis sputum cytology
32
lung cancer treatment
1) Osimertinib moa: EGFR inhibiotr (NSCLC), reducing cell cancer proliferation. side effects: diarrhoea, rash, QT prolongation, lung inflammation 2) Alectinib: moa: ALK inhibitor (NSCLC) side effects: fatigue, oedema, constipation, muscle pain.
33
melanoma main environmental factor
sun light UVB and UVA
34
4 subtypes of melanoma
superficial spreading nodular lentigo maligna acral lentiginous
35
early stage melanoma treatment
surgery 1) wide local excision: reomving melanoma along with skin around it 2) sentinel lymph node biopsy: checks if melanoma has spread to lymph nodes 3) elective lymph node dissection: removes additional lymph nodes, to make sure the cnacer has not spread.
36
common chemotherapy side effects
extravasation loss of appetite tumor lysis syndrome anemia increased bleeding and brusing hair changes diarrhoea constipation muscositis skin and nail changes bone marrow supression
37
Neutropenic sepsis
low neutrophil count, develops sepsis
38
neutropenic sepsis signs
temp above 38 degree C neutrophil count of o.5 x 10^9/L or lower
39
neutropenia complications
organ failure unsual infections blood clotting issues brain related issues (delirium, encephalopathy) physcological effects lethal
40
risk factors for neutropenic sepsis
someone with neutropenia shows: - signs of infection unwellness temp over 38 signs of sepsis
41
what is sepsis
organ dysfunction caused by over reaction to an infection
42
neutropenic sepsis management
1) hospital 999 ambulance 2) if stable, hematology unit - sepsis six bundle of care: 1) o2 therapy 2) blood culture 3) broad spec antibiotics 4) fluid resuscitation 5) lactate meausurement 6) urine output monioring BUFALO
43
chemotherapy induced nauea and vomiting
causes: cytotoxic drugs - cause irritation of GI tract - cause direct stimulation of CTZ - anticipatory mechanisms
44
4 types of emesis
anticipatory: occurs before chemotherapy acute: develops within 24 hrs of chemotherapy admission delayed: occurs more than 24 hrs after chemotherapry refractory: persistent despite treatment
45
drugs that TREAT CINV
1) butryphenone, phenothiazine: haloperidol, levomeprozine 2) dopamine receptor antagonist: metoclopramide, domperidone 3) anti-muscarininc: hyoscine hydrobromide 4) antihistamine: cyclizine 5) benzodiazipines: lorzepam 6) corticosteroids: dexamethosone 7) neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist: aprepitant 8) 5HT3 receptor antagonist: ondansetron, granisetron

mpharm stage 3 (10 decks)

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