Neoplasia

Question 1

What are the two types of neoplasia

Answer 1

Benign and malignant

Question 2

What features determine how bad a neoplasm is

Answer 2

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis (spread to a distanced site)

Question 3

Levels of differentiation

Answer 3

Well
Moderate
Poor
Anaplastic

Question 4

Features of poor differentiation

Answer 4

Variability in nuclear size/shape
High nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

Increased mitosis activity
Necrosis

Question 5

Benign tumours

Answer 5

Well differentiated
Non invasive
Slow growing
Don’t metastasise
Usually harmless - can be harmful

Question 6

Malignant tumours

Answer 6

Varied differentiation (tends to be poor)
Invasive
Fast growing
Able to metastasise

Question 7

Dysplasia

Answer 7

Neoplastic change or ‘pre-malignancy’
Doesn’t always lead to malignancy/cancer

Question 8

Metastasis

Answer 8

The spread of tumour to another site

Question 9

How are tumours classified

Answer 9

Upon their location

Epithelial/non-epithelial

Question 10

Types of surface/non-glandular epithelia

Answer 10

Squamous
Transitional

offer protection

Question 11

Types of glandular epithelia

Answer 11

Cuboidal
Columnar
Glandular

glands and ducts - secretion

Question 12

Benign tumour suffix

Answer 12

-oma

Exceptions: melanoma, lymphoma, seminoma, mesothelioma

Question 13

Benign tumour of glandular epithelium suffix

Answer 13

Adenoma

Question 14

Benign tumour of surface epithelium suffix

Answer 14

Papilloma

Fingerlike projections

Question 15

Benign tumour of squamous epithelium (eg. Skin)

Answer 15

Squamous cell papilloma

Papilloma - surface epithelium (benign)

Question 16

Benign tumour of glandular epithelium of the colon

Answer 16

Colonic adenoma

Adenoma - glandular epithelium (benign)

Question 17

Benign mesenchymal tumour suffix

Answer 17

-oma

Question 18

MESENCHYMAL
A benign tumour of bone is called…
Smooth muscle…
Adipose…
Blood vessel…
Cartilage…
Fibrous tissue…

Answer 18

Osteoma
Leiomyoma
Lipoma
Haemangioma
Chondroma
Fibroma

Question 19

Malignant tumours are called…

Answer 19

Carcinomas

Question 20

Malignant glandular epithelium tumours are called…

Answer 20

Adenocarcinomas

Question 21

Malignant tumour of surface epithelia are called…

Answer 21

(cell type) Carcinoma

Question 22

Malignant mesenchymal tumours are called…

Answer 22

Sarcomas

Question 23

Precursor cell tumours have the suffix…

Answer 23

-blastoma

RetinoBLASTOMA
HepatoBLASTOMA

Question 24

Haematolymphoid malignancies

Answer 24

Lymphoma - lymphocytes (B/T)
Myeloma - plasma cells
Leukaemia - WBC (benign in bone marrow)

Question 25

Melanocytic neoplasm

Answer 25

Melanoma - melanocytes (produce pigment of skin)

Question 26

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 26

Very severe dysplasia

Question 27

Polyploidy

Answer 27

When cell contains exact multiples of diploid state eg. Tetraploidy (4n), octoploidy (8n)

Question 28

Aneuploidy

Answer 28

When a cell contains inexact multiples of diploid state eg. 3n, 7n

Question 29

Function of p53

Answer 29

- Activating DNA repair proteins - Stopping cell cycle to allow repair - Initiating apoptosis of damaged cells Made by TP53 - a tumour suppressor gene

Question 30

Angiogenesis

Answer 30

Formation of blood vessels

Question 31

What is a tumour suppressor gene

Answer 31

Genes which inhibit neoplastic growth eg. TP53 which encode for p53

Question 32

What is an oncogene

Answer 32

Genes which drive the neoplastic behaviour of cells Produce oncoproteins Aka- Mutated genes which can cause cancer

Question 33

What is Rb

Answer 33

A tumour suppressor gene that codes for retinoblastoma protein - Inhibits cell cycle progression until cell is ready to divide (G1 checkpoint)

Question 34

Which tissues are most sensitive to carcinogenic effect of ionising radiation

Answer 34

Thyroid Bone Breast Haematopoetic tissue Skin - UV

Question 35

Routes of metastasis

Answer 35

Haematogenous - by blood Lymphatic - by lymph Transcoelomic - across a body cavity

Question 36

What is a benign tumour derived from all 3 germ cell layers called

Answer 36

Teratoma

Question 37

The presence of lymph node metastasis mandates less aggressive treatment than does their absence True/false

Answer 37

False Mandates MORE aggressive treatment

Question 38

What is the sequence of investigations with biopsy specimens in the pathology laboratory

Answer 38

Macroscopic examination —> microscopy for cell morphology —> immunohistochemistry —> genetics