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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New, uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control.

Example sentence: Neoplasia can lead to the formation of tumors.

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2
Q

What suffix is commonly used to indicate a benign tumor?

A

-oma

Example sentence: Lipoma is an example of a benign tumor.

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3
Q

What is a benign tumor of adipose tissue called?

A

Lipoma

Additional information: Lipomas are usually harmless and painless.

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4
Q

What type of benign tumor produces a glandular pattern?

A

Adenoma

Example sentence: Adenomas can arise in various organs, including the colon.

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5
Q

What does the term “carcinoma” refer to?

A

A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells.

Example sentence: Lung carcinoma is a common form of cancer.

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6
Q

Define “sarcoma.”

A

A malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal (connective) tissue.

Example sentence: Sarcomas can be found in soft tissues or bones.

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7
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

A benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly).

Example sentence: Papillomas are often seen in the skin or mucous membranes.

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8
Q

What characterizes an adenoma?

A

A benign tumor of glandular origin.

Example sentence: Thyroid adenomas can lead to hormone overproduction.

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9
Q

What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors?

A

Benign tumors do not invade or metastasize, while malignant tumors do.

Example sentence: Malignant tumors can spread to distant organs.

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10
Q

Which characteristic is typical of benign tumors?

A

Slow growth and encapsulation.

Example sentence: Benign tumors often have well-defined borders.

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11
Q

Which feature is NOT typically associated with malignant tumors?

A

Encapsulation.

Example sentence: Malignant tumors tend to infiltrate surrounding tissues.

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12
Q

What is an example of a benign tumor?

A

Fibroma.

Example sentence: Fibromas can be found in the skin, breast, or uterus.

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13
Q

What is the most common cancer in females worldwide?

A

Breast cancer.

Example sentence: Breast cancer screening is important for early detection.

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14
Q

What environmental factor is most strongly associated with lung cancer?

A

Smoking.

Example sentence: Smoking cessation reduces the risk of lung cancer.

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15
Q

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

A

To regulate cell growth and prevent tumor formation.

Example sentence: Mutations in tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer development.

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16
Q

What does “pleomorphism” refer to?

A

Variation in size and shape of cells.

Example sentence: Pleomorphism is a characteristic feature of malignant cells.

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17
Q

Which gene is known as the “guardian of the genome”?

A

p53.

Example sentence: p53 mutations are common in many types of cancer.

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18
Q

What does the “two-hit” hypothesis of oncogenesis refer to?

A

The requirement for two mutations to inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

Example sentence: The two-hit hypothesis explains the genetic basis of cancer.

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19
Q

What is the significance of detecting atypical mitotic figures in a tumor?

A

It indicates high cellular proliferation, often seen in malignant tumors.

Example sentence: Atypical mitotic figures are a sign of aggressive tumor growth.

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20
Q

What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia?

A

Hyperplasia is controlled and reversible; neoplasia is uncontrolled and irreversible.

Example sentence: Hyperplasia can be a precursor to neoplasia.

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21
Q

Which term describes a malignant tumor originating from epithelial tissue?

A

Carcinoma.

Example sentence: Carcinomas can arise in the skin, lungs, or breast.

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22
Q

Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer?

A

Sustained proliferative signaling.

Example sentence: Cancer cells often have dysregulated growth signals.

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23
Q

Which mutation is most commonly associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

A

KRAS mutation.

Example sentence: KRAS mutations are frequently found in pancreatic cancer.

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24
Q

What type of mutation can lead to oncogenesis?

A

Gain-of-function mutation in proto-oncogenes.

Example sentence: Proto-oncogene mutations can drive cell proliferation.

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25
Q

What pathway is commonly used by carcinomas to spread?

A

Lymphatic spread.

Example sentence: Lymphatic spread can lead to regional metastasis.

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26
Q

What does “anaplasia” indicate in tumor cells?

A

Lack of differentiation and cellular disorganization.

Example sentence: Anaplastic tumors are highly aggressive and undifferentiated.

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27
Q

What is the role of p53 in cancer biology?

A

It regulates the cell cycle and induces apoptosis in the presence of DNA damage.

Example sentence: p53 is a critical tumor suppressor protein.

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28
Q

Which type of mutation in the RAS gene leads to its constitutive activation?

A

Point mutation.

Example sentence: Point mutations in RAS can result in constant cell signaling.

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29
Q

What does “desmoplasia” refer to?

A

Formation of fibrous tissue in response to tumor growth.

Example sentence: Desmoplastic reactions can create a dense tumor stroma.

30
Q

Which pathway of spread is typical for sarcomas?

A

Hematogenous spread.

Example sentence: Sarcomas can metastasize to distant sites via the bloodstream.

31
Q

What is a common feature of malignant tumors regarding their margins?

A

Poorly defined or infiltrative margins.

Example sentence: Malignant tumors often invade surrounding tissues without clear borders.

32
Q

What is a “tumor marker”?

A

A substance produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer.

Example sentence: PSA is a tumor marker for prostate cancer.

33
Q

Which cancer has the highest mortality rate worldwide?

A

Lung cancer.

Example sentence: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.

34
Q

What does “cachexia” refer to in cancer patients?

A

Loss of body weight and muscle mass.

Example sentence: Cachexia is a common complication of advanced cancer.

35
Q

What is the primary role of apoptosis in cancer prevention?

A

To eliminate damaged or abnormal cells that might otherwise proliferate.

Example sentence: Apoptosis helps maintain tissue homeostasis and prevent cancer development.

36
Q

What is the function of oncoproteins?

A

Promote cell growth and proliferation.

Example sentence: Oncoproteins can drive uncontrolled cell division in cancer.

37
Q

Which type of cancer is most likely to spread via the lymphatic system?

A

Carcinomas.

Example sentence: Carcinomas often metastasize to regional lymph nodes.

38
Q

What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells?

A

Prevents telomere shortening, allowing cells to divide indefinitely.

Example sentence: Telomerase activation is a common feature of cancer cells.

39
Q

Which gene is commonly mutated in familial cases of retinoblastoma?

A

RB1 gene.

Example sentence: RB1 mutations increase the risk of retinoblastoma in families.

40
Q

What type of mutation is found in the BCR-ABL fusion gene seen in chronic myeloid leukemia?

A

Translocation.

Example sentence: The BCR-ABL fusion gene results from a translocation event.

41
Q

What is the main characteristic of tumor cells undergoing the Warburg effect?

A

Preferential use of glycolysis for energy production even in the presence of oxygen.

Example sentence: The Warburg effect is a metabolic adaptation in cancer cells.

42
Q

What is the function of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?

A

DNA repair.

Example sentence: Mutations in BRCA1/2 increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

43
Q

Which of the following is a common environmental risk factor for cancer?

A

UV radiation exposure.

Example sentence: UV exposure is linked to skin cancer development.

44
Q

CR-ABL fusion gene seen in chronic myeloid leukemia?

A

Translocation.

**

45
Q

What is the function of the RB gene?

A

Regulate the cell cycle and prevent uncontrolled cell growth.

**

46
Q

Which cellular process is commonly activated in cancer cells to enable their limitless replicative potential?

A

Telomerase activation.

**

47
Q

What is the main determinant of tumor metastasis?

A

Ability to invade surrounding tissues and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

**

48
Q

What does ‘angiogenesis’ refer to in tumor growth?

A

Formation of new blood vessels to supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

**

49
Q

What is the role of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation; mutations can lead to uncontrolled growth.

**

50
Q

Which viral infection is associated with the development of cervical cancer?

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

**

51
Q

What are the hallmarks of malignant tumors?

A

Invasiveness, metastasis, and rapid growth.

**

52
Q

What type of tissues and germ layers does a teratoma represent?

A

A teratoma is composed of multiple types of tissue (mesenchymal, epithelial, etc.) and represents more than one germ layer.

Example sentence: A teratoma was found to contain both hair and teeth.

53
Q

Which organs are most frequently involved secondarily in hematogenous dissemination of metastatic tumors?

A

The liver and lung.

No additional information.

54
Q

What is the most reliable feature that differentiates malignant tumors from benign tumors, next to invasiveness?

A

Metastasis.

No additional information.

55
Q

Which malignant tumors rarely metastasize and may be exceptions to other malignant tumors?

A

Malignant glial cell tumors and basal cell carcinomas.

No additional information.

56
Q

Which body cavity is most involved in metastatic spread of tumors?

A

The peritoneal cavity.

No additional information.

57
Q

Does nodal enlargement in proximity to a cancer always indicate dissemination of the primary tumor?

A

No, nodal enlargement does not always mean dissemination of the primary tumor.

No additional information.

58
Q

Which vessels are more commonly involved in hematogenous spread of tumors, particularly in renal cell carcinoma?

A

Veins are more commonly involved in hematogenous spread of tumors.

No additional information.

59
Q

Which cancer is more common in females than lung cancer?

A

Breast cancer

60
Q

What is the most common cancer in men?

A

Prostate cancer

61
Q

Is colorectal cancer rare in both males and females?

A

No, colorectal cancer is not very rare in both sexes.

62
Q

What is one of the top 3 causes of cancer deaths in males?

A

Prostate cancer

63
Q

Which of the following is NOT a pre-malignant lesion: Barrett’s oesophagus, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or Fibrosarcoma?

A

Fibrosarcoma

64
Q

What is a benign epithelial neoplasm?

A

Papilloma

65
Q

What is a benign epithelial cell neoplasm derived from one or more of the three germ layers called?

A

Teratoma

66
Q

What is a benign finger-like epithelial neoplasm derived from non-glandular surfaces called?

A

Papilloma

67
Q

What is considered the most important hallmark of malignancy?

A

Cellular anaplasia and evidence of metastasis

68
Q

How is a neoplasm best defined?

A

A new growth of tissue where the growth rate exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue; it serves no useful function and persists excessively after the stimuli have ceased.

69
Q

What is the most common method employed to diagnose neoplasia in Ghana?

A

Biopsy technique

70
Q

What is a benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelial cells called?

A

Adenoma

71
Q

Which is more important in cancer management: grading or staging?

A

Staging

Pathology (2 decks)

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