Neoplasia

Question 1

Why do tumours arise?

Answer 1

Accumulation of genetic alterations and epigenetic changes

Question 2

neoplasia

Answer 2

New growth - can be benign or malignant

Question 3

Why do tumours arise

Answer 3

Due to accumulation of genetic alterations and d epigenetic changes

Question 4

What do neoplasms compromise of?

Answer 4

Neoplastic cells and connective tissue stroma
- note that ‘pseudo’ neoplasms and other abnormalities growths also exist

Question 5

Malignant

Answer 5

Potentially lethal, ability to invade and metastasise (just know that this is not always the case)

Question 6

Benign

Answer 6

Neoplasm that does not have the ability to invade and matastasise
(Just know that it can be harmful)

Question 7

4 main distinguishing factors of a neoplasm

Answer 7

Differentiation; rate of growth; local invasion; metastasis - the lesser the neoplasm looks like a normal cell, its prob bad

Question 8

anaplastic

Answer 8

Does not represent a normal cell - bad prognosis

Question 9

Differentiation - review 7

Answer 9

Extent to which neoplastic tissue resembles their corresponding normal tissue of origin

Question 10

9

Question 11

Features of poor differentiation of a tumour

Answer 11

Nuclear pleomorphism (variable nuclear size); abnormal nuclear features (clumped chromatin or high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio); increased mitosis; loss of cellular polarity; necrosis; tumour giant cels

Question 12

11

Question 13

Grade

Answer 13

How differentiated the tumour is
Well - grade 1
Moderate - grade 2
Poor - grade 3

Question 14

Stage

Answer 14

Measure of the extent of spread of a tumour - the lower number the better

Question 15

Metaplasia

Answer 15

Change in phenotype of differentiated cells - usually n response to chronic irriation

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

Used to describe the neoplastic change - mainly epithelium - that is confined within the basement membrane
- has features of malignancy
- nuclear pleomorphism/ architectural disruptions

Question 17

15 maturation polarity

Question 18

Carcinoma in-situ

Answer 18

Has features of malignancy bot NO invasion (not actually malignant) - full thickness of epithelium (not penetrated)

Question 19

Invasive/ malignant tumout 17

Answer 19

Invasion i the Basement membrane

Question 20

Difference in speed of growing of malignant and benign neoplasms

Answer 20

Malignant -fast
Benign - usually slow
*mitoses and necrosis 18

Question 21

Features of rapid growth

Answer 21

Mitoses and necrosis

Question 22

Features of benign tumours

Answer 22

• cohesive and expansile
• localised
• non-metastatic and slow in growth
• may be encapsulated (fibrous capsule)

Question 23

Features of malignant tumors

Answer 23

• invasive, penetrates organ walls and tissues

Question 24

Metastasis 24

Answer 24

Spread of tumours to a site of discontinuous from the source organ

Question 25

Basic classification of tumours

Answer 25

Benign/ malignant and by cell origin

Question 26

Histiogenic classification

Answer 26

Based on the tissue of tumour origin - epithelium and non-epithelium

Question 27

29, 30, 31, 32, 33

Question 28

Malignant epithelial tumours

Answer 28

Carcinoma