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Week 4 - Cancer & Signalling > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 components of a patients journey

A

Symptoms, investigation, diagnosis and Management

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2
Q

Name 2 types of cytology sampling

A

Fluid sampling and fine needle aspiration

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3
Q

Name 2 types of tissue sampling

A

Biopsy and resection

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4
Q

Define neoplasia

A

An excessive irreversible and uncontrolled growth which persists even after withdrawal of stimuli which caused it

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5
Q

What is term used to describe an en excessive, irreversible and uncontrolled growth which predicts even after with drawl of the stimuli that caused it

A

Neoplasia

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6
Q

Define a tumour

A

Swelling or lump

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7
Q

Swelling or lump can be classified as what

A

Tumour

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8
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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9
Q

What term is used to describe programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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10
Q

Define necrosis

A

Uncontrolled cell death

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11
Q

What term is used to describe uncontrolled cell death

A

Necrosis

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12
Q

Describe inflammation

A

A reaction to cell death

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13
Q

What term is used to describe a reaction of cell death

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

List the 4 types of stress which a cell can undergo

A

Hypertrophy
Hypoplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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15
Q

Describe hyperplasia

A

This is an increase in the number of cells - the size of the cells are not effected

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16
Q

Give an example of hyperplasia

A

Prostate as it is able to divide

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17
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

This is an increase in cell size

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18
Q

Give an example of hypertrophy

A

Heart tissue is unable to terminally divide

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19
Q

Define atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

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20
Q

Decrease in cell size if a form of which stress in cells

A

Atrophy

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21
Q

Which type of cellular stress causes an increase in cell size

A

Hypertrophy

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22
Q

Which term is used to describe an increase in cell size

A

Hyperplasia

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23
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Changing of one cell type to another

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24
Q

Changing of one cell type to another is a form of what cellular stress

A

Metaplasia

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25
Q

Give an example of Metaplasia in body

A

Oesophagus acid reflux changes the cells from stratified squamous epithelium to intestinal epithelium and once acid reflux stops this cells return back to stratified squamous epithelia

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26
Q

Define characteristics of benign disease

A

Localised
Well encapsulated
Slow growing
Resembling the organ or tissue of origin
Regular nuclei
Few mitosis
Damage at local level

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27
Q

In a normal breast histology sample what feature would be visible and easy to identify

A

Fatty tissue ( adipose)
Glands - group of cells which produce milk
Fibrous connective tissue would be visible

28
Q

What name is given to a benign breast disease

A

Fibroadenoma

29
Q

What is a fibroadenoma

A

Benign breast disease

30
Q

Name a difference seen between a histology sample of benign breast tissue and normal breast tissue

A

Cells are squashed as there is too much fibrous connective tissue

31
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormal and atypical cells due to failure of differentiation

32
Q

What term describe a cell which is abnormal and atypical which is unable to differentiate

A

Dysplasia

33
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of tissue which is undergoing dysplasia

A

1) Disordered architecture of the tissue , thus loss of normal function

2) disordered cellular features causing cellular atypia

34
Q

List the 2 types of cellular atypia

A

1) pleomorphic
2) mitotic

35
Q

Describe pleomorphic nuclei

A

Nuclei are larger, misshapen and ugly

36
Q

What does pleomorphic nuclei indicate in a tissue samples

A

Dysplasia

37
Q

Define mitotic atypia

A

Cells are rapidly dividing as cells are at different stages of mitosis

38
Q

What type of atypia in cells would cause the rapid division of cells

A

Mitotic atypia

39
Q

List characteristics of malignancy

A

Invasive
Can metastasise
Grows fast
May not resemble tissue of origin
Indicates characteristics of dysplasia ( nuclei may be pleomorphic- misshapen and larger)
Damage at local or distant sites

40
Q

Define what is meant by invasive

A

Breaches the basement membrane

41
Q

Define breaching of basement membrane

A

Invasive

42
Q

Define anaplasia

A

The inability to make out cell structures on a slide as the slide is distorted

43
Q

Define metastasis

A

The invasive neoplasm spreads to other areas of the body

44
Q

Describe an invasive neoplasm which spreads to other sites of the body

A

Metastasis

45
Q

List 3 ways in which an invasive neoplasm invades other areas of the body

A

through blood
Lymphatics
Transcoelomic

46
Q

Give an example of a benign covering epithelial neoplasm

A

Papilloma

47
Q

Give an example of a benign glandular epithelial neoplasm

A

Adenoma

48
Q

Name a benign soild organ epithelial neoplasm

A

Adenoma

49
Q

Give an example of a malignant covering epithelial neoplasm

A

Carcinoma

50
Q

Give an example of malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm

A

Adenocarcinoma

51
Q

Give an example of a malignant solid organ epithelial neoplasm

A

Organ carcinoma

52
Q

What is the suffix for a malignant epithelial neoplasm

A

Carcinoma

53
Q

Name a benign smooth muscle neoplasm

A

Leiomyoma

54
Q

Name a malignant smooth muscle neoplasm

A

Leiomyosarcoma

55
Q

Name a benign skeletal muscle neoplasm

A

Rhabdomyoma

56
Q

Name a malignant skeletal muscle neoplasm

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

57
Q

Name a benign bone forming neoplasm

A

Osteoma

58
Q

Name a bone forming malignant neoplasm

A

Osteosarcoma

59
Q

Name a benign cartilage neoplasm

A

Chondroma

60
Q

Name a malignant cartilage neoplasm

A

Chondrosarcoma

61
Q

Name a fibrous benign neoplasm

A

Fibroma

62
Q

Name a malignant fibrous neoplasm

A

Fibrosarcoma

63
Q

Name a benign blood vessel neoplasm

A

Angioma

64
Q

Name a malignant blood vessel neoplasm

A

Angiosarcoma

65
Q

Name a benign adipose neoplasm

A

Lipoma

66
Q

Name a malignant Adipose neoplasm

A

Liposarcoma

Week 4 - Cancer & Signalling (1 decks)

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