Neoplasia Flashcards
metastatic tropism for: colon and spleen breast pancreas prostate GI (answer in order of appearance!)
liver (due to the circulation layout!)
lungs and bones
liver
bones
mechanisms of tropism
Some tumor cells have adhesion molecules
Some tumor cells have chemokine receptors
The microenvironment of an organ might not be suitable
circulation layout
how tumors avoid imm sys
T cells do not recognize tumors since tumors do not produce antigens or they lack expression of MHC
inhibiting T cell activation
LOH is mainly associated with which types of genes
tumor suppressor genes (RB, P53)
functions of p53
Detecting DNA damage
Arresting the cell cycle
If DNA can be repaired, the cell undergoes S phase
If DNA cannot be repaired, p53 induces cellular apoptosis
effects of therapy-induced inflammation
necrosis of malignant cells
-> the release of necrotic products and DAMPs
cytokines activate pro-survival genes in residual cancer cells -> resistant cancer cells
Molecular genetics of metastases
variant clones
metastatic signature
variant + signiture
role of tumor stroma
genomic instability
genomic abnormalities affecting cell division, DNA repair and tumor suppressor genes
Master regulator of angiogenesis
HIF
categorization of tumor cells’ apoptotic tendency
primed -> more pro-
unprimed -> more anti-
tumor cells’ cellular energy production
aerobic glycolysis w or w/o O2
oncogenes’ functions
promoting proliferation despite damaged DNA
inhibiting apoptosis
steps in chemical carcinogenesis
initiation, promotion and progression
UV rays carcinogenesis
formation of CPDs and 6-4PPs
Ionizing carcinogenesis
direct: damage to sugar component and strand breaks
indirect: ROS damage
OncoKB clinical usefulness
Sequencing tumors
Identifying driver mutations
Determining which mutation can be targeted by drugs
personalized mRNA cancer vaccines
Identification of tumor cells’ genetic mutations that could produce neoantigens
predict which neoantigens are most likely to T cells and stimulate an immune response
pathophys of cachexia
Reduced dietary intake/absorption
Cytokines, inflammation and hypermetabolic state
Lipolysis and lipid mobilizing factor
Cancer treatment contribution
Genetics
mechanisms and examples of the following paran. syndromes:
Cushing's hypercalcemia hyponatremia polycythemia hypoglycemia
(answer in the order of appearance!)
ACTH-like subst., lung cancer PTH-like subst., lung cancer SIADH, lung cancer Erythropoietin-like substance, renal cell ca insulin-like subst.
mechanisms of paran. hypercalcemia
PTHrP
Osteolytic metastases
inflammation
tumor release of calcitriol
pathophys of Paraneoplastic neurologic nyndromes
High association with antibodies directed against intracellular neuronal
Examples: Hu (aka type 1 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody [ANNA-1]), Ri (aka type 2 anti-neuronal nuclear antibody [ANNA-2])
Antibodies directed against neuronal cell surface
Example: antibodies against the anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
staging
grading
size as spread
differentiation
liquid biopsy: ctDNA
a biomarker that gives us cancers’ genetic and epigenetics info
obtained by apoptosis, necrosis and/or secretion
liquid biopsy: CTCs
in the blood and have the potential to metastasize
