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Neoplasia > Neoplasia 1&2 The "what" > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1&2 The "what" Flashcards

1
Q

What does neoplasia mean?

A

Literally means “new growth”

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2
Q

What does a tumour mean?

A

Swelling

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of tumours

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4
Q

What does its mean if a neoplasm is malignant?

A

A neoplasm with potentially lethal, abnormal characteristics which has the ability to invade and metastasise

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5
Q

What does it mean if a neoplasm is benign?

A

A neoplasm does not have the ability to invade or metastasise

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6
Q

What does differentiation refer to in terms of neoplastic tissues?

A

The extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble their corresponding tissue of origin

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7
Q

What three broad catergoires can differentation be split into?

A
  • Well differentiated
  • Poorly differentiated
  • Undifferentiated/Anaplastic
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8
Q

Describe the features of well differentaited tissues.

A
  • Closely resemble normal tissue of origin
  • Little or no evidence of anaplasia
  • Can be benign or malignant
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9
Q

What are some features of poor differentiation?

A
  • Nuclear pleomorphism
  • Abnormal Nuclear Features
  • Increased mitotic activity
  • Loss of cellular polarity/order
  • Tumour giant cells
  • Necrosis
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10
Q

How is the tumour classified?

A

The name of it

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11
Q

How is a tumour graded?

A

A measure of how differentiated a tumour appears

- WD low/grade 1
- MD intermeditae/grade 2
- PD high/grade 3

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12
Q

What does the stage of a tumour measure?

A

The extent of spread of tumour

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Chnage in phenotype of differentiated cells often in responce to chronic irritation

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased cell and so organ size, often in responce to increased workload

e.g cardiac

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15
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell numbers in responce to stimulus

e.g hormones/growth factors

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16
Q

What does dysplasia describe?

A

Neoplastic change

(mostly epithelia)

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17
Q

Dysplasia has what features of malignancy?

A

Cytomorphological

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18
Q

What is dysplasia confined within?

A

Basement Membrane

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19
Q

Carcinoma in situ has cytomorphological features of malignancy without what?

A

Invasion

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20
Q

By definition is carcinoma in situ malignant or not?

A

NOT malignant by definition

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21
Q

Why are mitosis and necrosis associated with fast growth?

A

Mitosis- because lots of cells are dividing rapidly
Necrosis- Because the tumour is growing so fast that the blood supply cannot keep up

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22
Q

In terms of local invasion state some key features of benign tumours

A
  • Cohesive and expansile masses
  • Localised
  • Don’t metastasise
  • Usually slow growth
  • May be encapsulated

encapsulated- rim of compressed connective tissue-fibrous capsule

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23
Q

In terms of local invasion state some key features of malignant tumours

A
  • Invasive
  • Penerate organ walls/tissues/epithelial surfaces
    Next to metastases, invasiveness is the most reliable feature that differentiates malignant from benign
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24
Q

How would you describe the growth direction in a benign tumour?

25
How would you describe the growth direction in a malignant tumour?
Endophytic
26
How would you describe the growth rate in a benign tumour?
Slow
27
How would you describe the growth rate in a malignant tumour?
Rapid
28
How would you describe the mitotic activity in a benign tumour?
low
29
How would you describe the mitotic activity in a malignant tumour?
high
30
How would you describe the border of a benign tumour?
Circumscribed and/ or encapsulated
31
How would you describe the border of a malignant tumour?
Poorly defined/invasive
32
How would you describe the nuclear morphology of a benign tumour?
normal
33
How would you describe the nuclear morphology of a malignant tumour?
Pleomorphic
34
What is an example of a benign tumour that is harmful?
Meningiom- benign tumour of meninges | Compressive effects in skull
35
What are some examples of tumour classification and nomenclature
Broad Classification- benign/malignant Also by cell origin - Different behaviour, prognosis, treatmeant
36
What are some examples of histiogenic classification and nomenclature
- Based upon the tissue of tumour origin (embryology) - Epithelium - Endoderm / mesoderm / ectoderm - Non-epithelial - Mesenchymal - Haematopoietic - Neuroectodermal - Germ cells - Embryonal (blastomas) - Mixed tumours
37
What is generally the suffix for benign tumours? What are some excpetions to this?
- "OMA" - Exceptions: Melanoma, lymphoma, seminoma, mesothelioma etc.
38
Benign tumour of glandular/secretory epithelium
Adenoma | Glands may or may not be present in the tumour
39
Benign tumour of non-glandular / surface epithelium
Papilloma | describes finger like or warty projections
40
Identifying benign tumours further: If non-glandular (surface) eithelium?
Name of CELL TYPE of origin | e.g squamous cell
41
Identifying benign tumours further: If glandular eithelium?
Name of GLANDULAR TISSUE of origin | e.g colonic
42
What is the suffix for all mesenchymal tumours?
"OMA"
43
What are malignant epithelial tumours called?
Carcinomas
44
What are malignant epithelial tumours derived from glandular/ductular epithelium called?
Adenocarcinomas
45
How are malignant epithelial tumours derived from surface non-glandular epithelia named?
By prefixing CARCINOMA with the cell of origin | e.g squamous cell carcinoma
46
What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called?
Sarcomas | -sarcoma is the suffix for all malignant mesenchymal tumours
47
What are some examples of other tumour types?
- TERATOMAS - EMBRYONAL TUMOURS (BLASTOMAS) - MIXED TUMOURS - NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOURS - INAPPROPRIATELY NAMED NON-TUMOURS - HAMARTOMA & CHORISTOMA - MALIGNANT TUMOURS WITH BENIGN NAMES
48
What cells do teratomas originate from?
Germ cells
49
What are some examples of precursor cell tumours?
- RETINOBLASTOMA - NEPHROBLASTOMA (WILMS) - HEPATOBLASTOMA
50
What are some examples of mixed tumours?
- Epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia - Benign- Ameloblastic Fibroma - Malignant- Carcinosarcoma
51
What are some examples of neuroectodermal tumours | - Brain tumours
- Glioblastoma multiforme - Astrocytoma - Meningioma - Neurinoma - Ependymoma - Oligodendroglioma - Medulloblastoma
52
What are some features of a hamartoma?
- Non-neoplastic disordered overgrowth of normal tissue - Indigenous to the site of occurrence - Developmental abnormalities - Port wine stain
53
What is choristoma?
- Benign normal tissue but seen in abnormal location AKA 'heterotopic rests' | E.g. normal (non-neoplastic) pancreas nodule in stomach
54
Describe features of a lymphoma
- Malignancy of B or T cell origin, often beginning in lymph nodes - Hodgkin's vs Non Hodgkin's - B vs T
55
What is myeloma?
Malignacy of plasma cells
56
What is leukaemia?
Malignancy of white blood cells, begin in bone marrow
57
What is melanooma?
- Malignancy of melanocytes - Cells which produce pigment in the skin
58
What is melanocytic naevus?
Benign proliferation of melanocytes
59
There is always exceptions to the rules- Eponymus names are still widely used What are some example of eponymous tumours?
- Warthin tumour – “Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum” salivary gland tumour - Ewing sarcoma – Undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma - Wilms tumour – Nephroblastoma, kidney tumour in children - Kaposi sarcoma – HHV8 associated highly vascular tumour in immunocompromised patients - Pindborg tumour – Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour

Neoplasia (2 decks)

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