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Neoplasia > Neoplasia 1&2 The "what" > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1&2 The "what" Flashcards

1
Q

What does neoplasia mean?

A

Literally means “new growth”

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2
Q

What does a tumour mean?

A

Swelling

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of tumours

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4
Q

What does its mean if a neoplasm is malignant?

A

A neoplasm with potentially lethal, abnormal characteristics which has the ability to invade and metastasise

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5
Q

What does it mean if a neoplasm is benign?

A

A neoplasm does not have the ability to invade or metastasise

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6
Q

What does differentiation refer to in terms of neoplastic tissues?

A

The extent to which neoplastic tissues resemble their corresponding tissue of origin

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7
Q

What three broad catergoires can differentation be split into?

A
  • Well differentiated
  • Poorly differentiated
  • Undifferentiated/Anaplastic
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8
Q

Describe the features of well differentaited tissues.

A
  • Closely resemble normal tissue of origin
  • Little or no evidence of anaplasia
  • Can be benign or malignant
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9
Q

What are some features of poor differentiation?

A
  • Nuclear pleomorphism
  • Abnormal Nuclear Features
  • Increased mitotic activity
  • Loss of cellular polarity/order
  • Tumour giant cells
  • Necrosis
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10
Q

How is the tumour classified?

A

The name of it

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11
Q

How is a tumour graded?

A

A measure of how differentiated a tumour appears

- WD low/grade 1
- MD intermeditae/grade 2
- PD high/grade 3

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12
Q

What does the stage of a tumour measure?

A

The extent of spread of tumour

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Chnage in phenotype of differentiated cells often in responce to chronic irritation

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased cell and so organ size, often in responce to increased workload

e.g cardiac

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15
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased cell numbers in responce to stimulus

e.g hormones/growth factors

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16
Q

What does dysplasia describe?

A

Neoplastic change

(mostly epithelia)

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17
Q

Dysplasia has what features of malignancy?

A

Cytomorphological

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18
Q

What is dysplasia confined within?

A

Basement Membrane

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19
Q

Carcinoma in situ has cytomorphological features of malignancy without what?

A

Invasion

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20
Q

By definition is carcinoma in situ malignant or not?

A

NOT malignant by definition

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21
Q

Why are mitosis and necrosis associated with fast growth?

A

Mitosis- because lots of cells are dividing rapidly
Necrosis- Because the tumour is growing so fast that the blood supply cannot keep up

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22
Q

In terms of local invasion state some key features of benign tumours

A
  • Cohesive and expansile masses
  • Localised
  • Don’t metastasise
  • Usually slow growth
  • May be encapsulated

encapsulated- rim of compressed connective tissue-fibrous capsule

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23
Q

In terms of local invasion state some key features of malignant tumours

A
  • Invasive
  • Penerate organ walls/tissues/epithelial surfaces
    Next to metastases, invasiveness is the most reliable feature that differentiates malignant from benign
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24
Q

How would you describe the growth direction in a benign tumour?

A

Exophytic

25
Q

How would you describe the growth direction in a malignant tumour?

A

Endophytic

26
Q

How would you describe the growth rate in a benign tumour?

A

Slow

27
Q

How would you describe the growth rate in a malignant tumour?

A

Rapid

28
Q

How would you describe the mitotic activity in a benign tumour?

A

low

29
Q

How would you describe the mitotic activity in a malignant tumour?

A

high

30
Q

How would you describe the border of a benign tumour?

A

Circumscribed and/ or encapsulated

31
Q

How would you describe the border of a malignant tumour?

A

Poorly defined/invasive

32
Q

How would you describe the nuclear morphology of a benign tumour?

A

normal

33
Q

How would you describe the nuclear morphology of a malignant tumour?

A

Pleomorphic

34
Q

What is an example of a benign tumour that is harmful?

A

Meningiom- benign tumour of meninges

Compressive effects in skull

35
Q

What are some examples of tumour classification and nomenclature

A

Broad Classification- benign/malignant
Also by cell origin
- Different behaviour, prognosis, treatmeant

36
Q

What are some examples of histiogenic classification and nomenclature

A
  • Based upon the tissue of tumour origin (embryology)
  • Epithelium
    • Endoderm / mesoderm / ectoderm
  • Non-epithelial
    • Mesenchymal
    • Haematopoietic
    • Neuroectodermal
    • Germ cells
    • Embryonal (blastomas)
    • Mixed tumours
37
Q

What is generally the suffix for benign tumours?
What are some excpetions to this?

A
  • “OMA”
  • Exceptions: Melanoma, lymphoma, seminoma, mesothelioma etc.
38
Q

Benign tumour of glandular/secretory epithelium

A

Adenoma

Glands may or may not be present in the tumour

39
Q

Benign tumour of non-glandular / surface epithelium

A

Papilloma

describes finger like or warty projections

40
Q

Identifying benign tumours further:
If non-glandular (surface) eithelium?

A

Name of CELL TYPE of origin

e.g squamous cell

41
Q

Identifying benign tumours further:
If glandular eithelium?

A

Name of GLANDULAR TISSUE of origin

e.g colonic

42
Q

What is the suffix for all mesenchymal tumours?

A

“OMA”

43
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours called?

A

Carcinomas

44
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours derived from glandular/ductular epithelium called?

A

Adenocarcinomas

45
Q

How are malignant epithelial tumours derived from surface non-glandular epithelia named?

A

By prefixing CARCINOMA with the cell of origin

e.g squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

What are malignant mesenchymal tumours called?

A

Sarcomas

-sarcoma is the suffix for all malignant mesenchymal tumours

47
Q

What are some examples of other tumour types?

A
  • TERATOMAS
  • EMBRYONAL TUMOURS (BLASTOMAS)
  • MIXED TUMOURS
  • NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOURS
  • INAPPROPRIATELY NAMED NON-TUMOURS
    • HAMARTOMA & CHORISTOMA
  • MALIGNANT TUMOURS WITH BENIGN NAMES
48
Q

What cells do teratomas originate from?

A

Germ cells

49
Q

What are some examples of precursor cell tumours?

A
  • RETINOBLASTOMA
  • NEPHROBLASTOMA (WILMS)
  • HEPATOBLASTOMA
50
Q

What are some examples of mixed tumours?

A
  • Epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia
  • Benign- Ameloblastic Fibroma
  • Malignant- Carcinosarcoma
51
Q

What are some examples of neuroectodermal tumours

- Brain tumours

A
  • Glioblastoma multiforme
  • Astrocytoma
  • Meningioma
  • Neurinoma
  • Ependymoma
  • Oligodendroglioma
  • Medulloblastoma
52
Q

What are some features of a hamartoma?

A
  • Non-neoplastic disordered overgrowth of normal tissue
    • Indigenous to the site of occurrence
    • Developmental abnormalities
    • Port wine stain
53
Q

What is choristoma?

A
  • Benign normal tissue but seen in abnormal location
    AKA ‘heterotopic rests’

E.g. normal (non-neoplastic) pancreas nodule in stomach

54
Q

Describe features of a lymphoma

A
  • Malignancy of B or T cell origin, often beginning in lymph nodes
    • Hodgkin’s vs Non Hodgkin’s
    • B vs T
55
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Malignacy of plasma cells

56
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Malignancy of white blood cells, begin in bone marrow

57
Q

What is melanooma?

A
  • Malignancy of melanocytes
    • Cells which produce pigment in the skin
58
Q

What is melanocytic naevus?

A

Benign proliferation of melanocytes

59
Q

There is always exceptions to the rules- Eponymus names are still widely used
What are some example of eponymous tumours?

A
  • Warthin tumour – “Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum” salivary gland tumour
  • Ewing sarcoma – Undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma
  • Wilms tumour – Nephroblastoma, kidney tumour in children
  • Kaposi sarcoma – HHV8 associated highly vascular tumour in immunocompromised patients
  • Pindborg tumour – Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour

Neoplasia (2 decks)

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